132 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. L. No. 1284 



extraction) are for the pre-war flour. The 

 TJ. S. Food Administration during the time 

 of the shortage of wheat required approxi- 

 mately a 75 per cent, extraction. It is nec- 

 essary to keep in mind this difference in the 

 pre-war and the war standard milling basis 

 in making comparisons. The tables show that 

 when 100 pounds of wheat are milled into 73 

 jMDunds of flour (pre-war basis) and 27 pounds 

 of feed, the flour being used as human food 

 and the feed part for pork production, the 

 pork in turn being used as human food, a total 

 of 78 per cent, of the original therms of the 

 wheat are utilized as human food. When, 

 however, the calculations are made on the war 

 standard milling (75 per cent, extraction) and 

 the bran is converted into milk, and finally 

 the cow into beef, while the middlings part of 

 the wheat by-product is fed to pigs, which is 

 the common practise in the use of wheat by- 

 products, a return of over 80 x>er cent of the 

 therms of the original wheat is secured, which 

 is somewhat more than is obtained when the 

 wheat is milled and utilised as whole-wheat 

 flour. 



Even without the use of substitutes the 

 Food Administration flour of 75 per cent, ex- 

 traction, with a limit as to the amount of 

 flour used per capita, would have been a better 

 conservation measure than whole-wheat flour, 

 because the therms from the milk, pork and 

 small amount of beef are more valuable than 

 the therms derived by man from the direct 

 consumption of bran in whole-wheat flour 

 bread. The quality of the therms as well as 

 the quantity must be considered. 



But the greatest conservation of wheat re- 

 resulted when "substitutes" were used and a 

 review of all the facts shows that the TJ. S. 

 Food Administration could not have made the 

 wheat supply "go farther" by milling it as 

 whole-wheat flour. It would have gone no 

 farther and the consumer would have had 

 poor bread. The old adage aptly applies to 

 this case^" Go farther and fare worse." The 

 U. S. Food Administration's flour milling and 

 bread-making plans accomplished results in 

 the most efficient and satisfactory way possible. 



Harry Sn-ider 



EDWARD COWLES 



Dr. Edward Cowles, who died at Plym- 

 outh, Mass., on July 25, at the age of eighty- 

 two, was in many respects a remarkable man 

 and had a remarkable career. He graduated 

 from Dartmouth in 1859, where he received 

 his M.D. two years later. He entered the 

 Union Army, retaining his connection with it 

 until 1872, when he became resident physi- 

 cian and superintendent of the Boston City 

 Hospital, and in 1879 of the McLean Hospital 

 for the Insane at Somerville. He directed 

 its removal to Waverley and supervised the 

 erection of perhaps what was then the finest 

 hospital of its character in the world. This 

 sufierintendency he resigned in 1892 because 

 of ill health. The institution is to-day very 

 largely a monument to his efficiency and fore- 

 sight. 



He was also a pioneer in the professional 

 training of nurses for the care of the insane, 

 but most important of all was the fact that he 

 was the first in this country to conceive and 

 carry out the system of scientific study of the 

 insane within the institution itself with 

 proi)er laboratory equipment and a corps of 

 experts. It was due to his initiative that 

 men like Dr. Adolf Meyer and Dr. Hoch were 

 brought to this country and that other men 

 now prominent were started on their careers. 

 It is generally imderstood that his enthusiasm 

 for the development of this scientific side of 

 hospital work was one cause of his retirement. 



He was professor of mental diseases at 

 Dartmouth and instructor at Harvard Med- 

 ical School until 1914, and for sixteen years 

 was non-resident lecturer at Clark Univer- 

 sity, where he was one of the original trustees. 



He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi, 

 Phi Beta Kappa, and Loyal Legion, and be- 

 longed to the St. Botolph Club of Boston, 

 besides being a member of many scientific 

 societies. 



In his later years Dr. Cowles followed with 

 intense interest the rise and decline of 

 Kraepelin's views, with which his sympathy 

 was limited. He was also interested in psy- 

 choanalysis, though not convinced of the 

 extreme views of Freud. The list of his sci- 



