222 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. L. No. 1288 



difference between capital and labor, and that 

 the true interests of either were entirely apart 

 from those of the other. Many have held that 

 labor is a commodity which it was to their 

 best interest to get the most of for the least 

 money, while many others believed that labor 

 was the sole source of all wealth, and that the 

 fewer hours worked, and the smaller the out- 

 put of those hours, the better it would be, 

 somehow or another, for the laboring classes. 

 I have cited the extreme views for purpose 

 of illustration, realizing the somewhere be- 

 tween the two would be found the great body 

 of all reasonable and thoughtful men. We 

 may leave out of consideration here that ultra- 

 extreme class who teach, whether they believe 

 it or not, that the true interests of labor would 

 be best served by sabotage and syndicalism, 

 and all the other fantastic notions which have 

 of late years been more or less in evidence, 

 and liable to catch the unwary. To these, re- 

 search presents no attractions. 



Now I am going to venture to suggest to 

 the working man who is earnestly desirous of 

 bettering his own and his family's condition, 

 that there are a good many sciences besides 

 chemistry and the engineering and abstract 

 sciences in general. Some of these he is better 

 able to study and practise than any one else. 

 Many of the fundamental truths concerning 

 labor and its conditions would never be dis- 

 covered by the scientist per se, because he has 

 not had the benefit of practical preparation. 

 Let our friends of the American Federation 

 of Labor not be content with what the govern- 

 ment can do in the line of their resolution, 

 good as it has been and will be, but let them 

 start a carefully planned series of researches 

 themselves, and follow them up until the 

 truth stands revealed. They can depend upon 

 the assistance of this great society. The em- 

 ployers of labor have been doing this for years, 

 singly and in groups, seeking the same end. 

 The shining goal of all research is the truth, 

 the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. 

 Thus, starting from different angles, with 

 fairness and thoroughness, the various so- 

 called interests will arrive at the same truth, 

 for there can only be one truth concerning any 

 question. Thus will it come to pass that cap- 



ital and labor will discover that the true in- 

 terest of one is the true interest of all, and 

 instead of bickerings and suspicions we will 

 have that cordial cooperation which is abso- 

 lutely essential if we could get the best out of 

 this good old world of ours. 



Scientific discovery is really not a haphazard 

 matter. The art of making it can be culti- 

 vated, and definite rules of research can be 

 laid down. Many elements enter into the 

 problem and these have been very well tabu- 

 lated by the late Dr. Gore, F.E.S., in his book, 

 " The Art of Scientific Discovery." While 

 the list he gives may not be complete, it is so 

 nearly so that it is well worth quoting here. 

 His table is as follows: 



1. Aid to analogy. 



2. Hypotheses. 



3. Analysis and synthesis. 



4. Application of (a) electricity to bodies; (6) 



heat to substances. 



5. Asking questions and testing such questions. 



6. Assumptions that — 



(a) There is certainty of all the great prin- 

 ciples of science. 

 (6) Complete homologous series exist. 



(c) Converse principles of action exist. 



(d) Certain general statements which are 



true of one force or substance are 

 true to some extent of others. 



7. Combined action of many observers. 



8. Comparison of — 



(a) Facts, and collecting similar ones. 

 (6) Collections of facts with each other 

 (c) Facts with hypotheses. 



(c) The orders of collections of facts. 



(d) Pacts with hypotheses. 



9. Deducting process. 



10. Employment of new or improved means of ob- 



servation. 



11. Examination of — 



(a) Common but neglected substances. 



(6) Effects of forces on substances. 



(c) Effects of contact on substances. 



(d) Effects of extreme degrees of force. 



(e) Extreme or conspicuous instances. 

 (/) Influence of time upon phenomena. 

 (g) Neglected truths and hypotheses. 

 (h) Peculiar minerals. 



(i) Unexpected truths, 

 (j) Bare substances, 

 (fc) Residue phenomena. 



