February 17, 1899.] 



SCIENCE. 



261 



me as an hypothesis to be applied in tlie new 

 science of psychology, which I do try to culti- 

 vate. 



I have already set forth that choice is the re- 

 lational element which corresponds to the es- 

 sential element — consciousness. Now, by this 

 hypothesis, consciousness inheres in every par- 

 ticle of matter. It does not inhere in bodies 

 themselves as such, but only in their several 

 particles, unless they are animals, for both re- 

 quire an organization for the faculties of mind 

 in order that they should have judgments and 

 concepts. The faculties of mind do not exist 

 in molecules, stars, rocks and plants as bodies. 

 The element of consciousness, together with 

 the element of choice as inference, is exhibited 

 only in the particles of what I call mechanical 

 bodies to distinguish them from animal bodies. 



In molecules we have the affinity of the par- 

 ticles, but the particles themselves are incor- 

 porated only as numbers. The many particles 

 constitute the organ of the one molecule. 

 Hence chemistry is the science of kinds, but of 

 natural kinds as distinguished from conventional 

 kinds employed by man in the arts. In the 

 molecules we discover a discrete degree of in- 

 corporation and organization, because in nature 

 incorporation or evolution is accomplished in 

 stages by properties. 



The molecule has not consciousness as a body 

 or kind, but it has consciousness in its several 

 particles. Here we must understand the dis- 

 tinction between organization and incorporation. 

 When we consider incorporation we consider 

 the one body ; when we consider organization 

 we consider the many particles of the one body. 

 Organization and incorporation are thus re- 

 ciprocals. When we consider organization we 

 consider the relation of parts to one another ; 

 when we consider incorporation we consider 

 the whole body. The incorporation of a mole- 

 cule is by the affinity of its particles, and the 

 particles are the organs of the molecule, and 

 they make of the molecule a new kind of sub- 

 stance. Modern chemistry recognizes this fact, 

 for it is taught that when molecules combine 

 with molecules to make molecules in a higher 

 order or kind, the combination is of ultimate 

 particles and not a mere juxtaposition of con- 

 stituent molecules. So I interpret the teach- 



ings of the new chemistry. For example, 

 solution is now held to be chemical action and 

 to involve affinity, and is not a mere mechanical 

 mixture of the matter held in solution. This 

 molecule is a body with organs ; as particles 

 they perform the function of incorporation for 

 the molecule. 



The nature of incorporation and organization 

 may be illustrated. A hundred persons may 

 meet to organize themselves into a society. 

 They organize by first electing a president, the 

 executive officer who governs the body ; then 

 they elect a secretary, who is the memory of 

 the body ; they may elect a treasurer and other 

 officers; I need not extend the subject beyond 

 the president, secretary and treasurer. Now, 

 a group of members constitute a body organized 

 with a president and secretary. In this man- 

 ner the hundred individuals become one body. 

 In the same manner in every body of nature — 

 molecules, stars, rocks, trees or animals — there 

 is an incorporation which is effected by organ- 

 ization. 



The particles of the society are its individual 

 members ; every one has consciousness, but the 

 body itself has no consciousness ; so the mole- 

 cule has consciousness in its particles, but there 

 is no consciousness by the molecule. In nature 

 all the particles of a body are organized ; but 

 in social bodies all the members become the 

 body, and every one is an organ of the body. 



In stars, kinds of molecules are incorporated 

 into forms as globes ; the kinds thus become 

 the organs of form. Here we have another 

 discrete degree of incorporation or evolution. 

 While the forms as bodies or stars are consid- 

 ered when we consider the incorporation, the 

 parts of the body as molecules are considered 

 when we consider its organization. In the 

 stars there are no organs of mind, but there 

 are organs of form which are molecules, and in 

 the molecules there are organs of kind which 

 are the particles. So the star body has con- 

 sciousness and choice only in its ultimate par- 

 ticles, for it has as a body no organs of mind. 



In rocks, forms are incorporated as forces in 

 which stresses and strains are produced. The 

 forms are organs of force. Here we have a 

 third discrete degree of incorporation and or- 

 ganization. To see how this incorporation is 



