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SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. IX. No. 216. 



effected by organization we must consider the 

 spheres of geonomy. They are the centro- 

 sphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere 

 and ethrosphere. These are organs of stress 

 and strain which cooperate with one another 

 in producing a succession of changes. Strains 

 are set up in one geonomic sphere which pro- 

 duce stresses in anotlier, and thus we have 

 organs of force. These organs of force are 

 forms, so that incorporation implies organiza- 

 tion, and organization implies incorporation. 

 Here we have no organs of mind ; but we have 

 organs of force, which are forms, and organs of 

 forms, which are kinds, and organs of kinds, 

 which are ultimate particles. 



Plants are incorporated as causations in which 

 an antecedent is followed by a like consequent. 

 The child, or consequent, is like the parent, 

 or antecedent, thus developing heredity. The 

 forces now are the organs of causation, and we 

 have a fourth discrete degree of incorporation 

 and organization. Still, there are no organs of 

 mind, but only organs of force. The forces 

 have organs of form, the forms have organs of 

 kind, and the kinds have organs of particles ; 

 consciousness and choice, therefore, still inhere 

 only in the particles. 



Animal bodies are incorporated as minds, and 

 the organs of minds are causations. Here we 

 have a fifth degree of incorporation and also of 

 organization. With bodies incorporated with 

 organs of mind, which are causations, and with 

 bodies of causation incorporated with organs, 

 which are forces, and with forces incorporated 

 with organs, which are forms, and with forms 

 incorporated with organs, which are kinds, and 

 with kinds incorporated with organs, which are 

 particles, all of the properties of matter are 

 incorporated. Now, the animal body has con- 

 sciousness because it has organs for the function, 

 while the particles themselves have conscious- 

 ness. Thus the body has consciousness as a 

 body, as well as the particles, severally, of 

 which it is composed. All of the mechanical 

 bodies have consciousness and choice, but only 

 in their particles ; but animal bodies have or- 

 ganized consciousness, which is mind. 



This is the conclusion we reach : Molecules, 

 stars, rocks and plants have consciousness and 

 choice only in their particles, but in animals 



consciousness and choice are organized as 

 mind. 



Hegel taught in his Phenomenology that every 

 word, whenever used, has all its meanings, and 

 he proceeded on this theory in the development 

 of his logic. Mr. Ward seems to hold the same 

 doctrine. I hold that whenever a word used 

 in science is fundamental it should be used only 

 in one sense, and this one sense should be re- 

 tained throughout the discussion. Let me illus- 

 trate this : In metaphysic the word quality is 

 used as synonymous with property ; sometimes 

 it is used to signify all of the properties and 

 sometimes only one of them. Kind, as I have 

 shown, is one of the properties, and it is very 

 often used as a synonym for kind. I have tried 

 to show in this book that it is used also to show 

 the relation of bodies in their properties to 

 human purposes, which relations are always 

 either good or evil depending upon the point 

 of view. Now, I have attempted and suc- 

 ceeded, as I believe, in using three terms for 

 these three different meanings r Properties for 

 the name of attributes that inhere in the object ; 

 kinds for the name of one property in all its 

 degrees of relativity, and qualities to designate 

 those attributes which arise through the rela- 

 tion of properties to purposes. I use the word 

 attribute as a generic term which has two spe- 

 cies — qualities and properties ; and each of 

 these species is again composed of five sub- 

 species. This is offensive to Mr. Ward, not 

 only in this particular case, but in all similar 

 cases. In the book under consideration I have 

 coined very few words, but I have tried in all 

 fundamental cases to use a word always with 

 the same meaning. There cannot be a science 

 of psychology until its terms are used with con- 

 stant meanings. 



In folklore we often find seven to be a mag- 

 ical number; in the same manner we find nine 

 and other numbers are considered magical — that 

 is, they have occult meanings. The origin of 

 these meanings goes back to savage cosmology. 

 Now, Mr. Ward supposes that I use the num- 

 ber five as if it were magical. But let me as- 

 sure him that the magic is not in the number. 

 If I pay five dollars to every one of a hundred 

 men because of labor performed, I shall not be 

 accused of using five as a magical number, but 



