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SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. LIII. No. 1360 



his activities to learned societies and to 

 publish those results to the world or at 

 least to a select coterie of specialists. The 

 strength of this instinct might be tested by 

 passing stringent laws forbidding certain 

 investigators from attending scientific meet- 

 ,ings or publishing anything for long periods 

 of time or during their life-time or even 

 posthumously. The results of such experi- 

 mental repression might be illuminating 

 but I refrain from speculating on their 

 nature. 



7. Closely connected with tliis instinct 

 of eonununication is the craving for sym- 

 pathy and appreciation so clearly exhib- 

 ited by most highly social animals and so 

 undisg-uisedly shown by children. Most 

 investigators exhibit sueh a moderate de^ 

 velopment of tlais craving that they seem 

 to be quite satisfied with the good opinion 

 of the workers in their own specialties. 

 But even if more appreciation were de- 

 manded the individual investigator would 

 stand little chance of obtaining it, for in- 

 vestigators have become so numerous and 

 the field of their labors has been so vastly 

 expanded through their own enthusiastic 

 efforts and so thickly overgrown with a 

 dense crop of technicalities of their own 

 sowing and cultivation, that most of tliem 

 can be known only to those who are work- 

 ing in the same or adjoining furrows. 



8. The instinct of cooperation — also very 

 evident and of far-reaching significance in 

 gregarious and social animals and mani- 

 fested in the team-play of young human 

 beings and the innumerable associations of 

 adults. In many investigators this in- 

 stinct seeems to be rather feeble but may 

 still appear at least in the ambition to 

 figure in the role of an honest hod-carrier 

 in the erection of some small fragment of 

 the great edifice of human knowledge. In 

 others it may be sufficiently developed to 

 constitute a powerful drive to the inven- 



tion of labor-saving devices and machineiy, 

 methods of preventing disease and increas- 

 ing longevity and mental and physical 

 efficiency. 



This list is probably incomplete, but I be- 

 lieve that it comprises at least the more im- 

 portant drives of the investigator. The 

 special trend of his activities is, no doubt, 

 further determined by his native capaci- 

 ties, but the psychological problem as to 

 whether or not these also constitute drives, 

 as Woodworth' maintains and McDougalP 

 denies, I shall not attempt to discuss. The 

 point I wish to emphasize is that the spe- 

 cific activities of the investigator depend 

 primarily and preeminently on his in- 

 stincts, emotions, interests- and native en- 

 dowments. 



' If we turn now to a survey of investiga- 

 tors in general we find that they can be di- 

 vided into two classes, usually called theo- 

 retical and practical, or pure and applied. 

 The term pure is, to say the least, some- 

 what priggish, since it seems to imply that 

 its alternative is more or less contaminated, 

 and theoretical and practical are unsatis- 

 factory because all investigation is neces- 

 sarily both. I prefer, therefore, to desig- 

 nate the two classes as discoverers and 

 inventors, since the former are primarily 

 interested in increasing our knowledge of 

 our environment and of ourselves, the latter 

 in increasing our power over our environ- 

 ment and ourselves. From the very nature 

 lof this distinction it follows that the dis- 

 coverer pursues more general, more theo- 

 retical and therefore more remote aims, 

 whereas the inventor, in the very broad 

 sense in which I am using the term, busies 

 himself with more special, more practical 

 and therefore more immediate problems. 



7 ' ' Dynamic Psychology, ' ' N. Y., Columbia Univ. 

 Press, 1918, pp. 66 et seq. 



, 8 " Motives in the Light of Eeceat Discussion, ' ' 

 Mind, 29, N. S., 1920, pp. 277-293. 



