Apeil 1, 1921] 



SCIENCE 



313 



Section 2. Application of Names 



Article S. The nomenclatural type of a 

 species is the specimen or the most important 

 of the specimens upon which its original pub- 

 lished description was based. 



(a) If only one specimen is cited, that is 

 the type. 



(&) If one specimen is designated as the 

 type, that specimen shall be so accepted, un- 

 less an error can be demonstrated. 



(c) A species transferred without change 

 of name from one genus to another retains 

 the original type even though the description 

 under the new genus was drawn from a differ- 

 ent species. 



id) The publication of a new specific name 

 as an avowed substitute for an earlier one does 

 not change the type of the species. 



(e) When more than one specimen was 

 originally cited and no type was designated 

 the type should be selected in accordance with 

 the following : 



1. The type specimen interprets the de- 

 scription and fixes the application of the 

 name, hence, primarily the description con- 

 trols the selection of the type. 



2. The type may be indicated by the specific 

 name, this being sometimes derived from the 

 collector, locality, or host. 



3. If one specimen is figured in connection 

 with the original description this may usually 

 be regarded as the type. 



4. Specimens that are mentioned by the 

 author as being exceptional or unusual, or 

 those which definitely disagree with the de- 

 scription (provided others agree) may usually 

 be excluded from consideration in selecting 

 the type. 



5. An examination of the actual sheets of 

 specimens studied by the author may aid in 

 determining or selecting the type. He may 

 have written the name or left notes or draw- 

 ings upon one of the sheets. 



Note. — Specimens known to have been re- 

 ceived by the author subsequent to the study 

 resulting in the original publication should 

 be excluded from consideration. 



6. If an author, in publishing a new species, 

 gives a description of his own, this takes pre- 

 cedence over synonymy or cited descriptions, 

 in determining the type specimen. 



Article k- The nomenclatural type species 

 of a genus is the species or one of the species 

 included when the genus was originally 

 published. 



(a) If a genus includes but one species 

 when originally published this species is the 

 type. 



(fe) When more than one species is in- 

 cluded in the original publication of the 

 genus, the type is determined by the follow- 

 ing rules: (These rules are Articles 3 to 6 of 

 the Report of the Committee on Greneric 

 Types published in Science, jST. S., 49: 384- 

 336, 1919.) 



Recommendations: In the future it is 

 recommended that authors of generic names 

 definitely designate type siiecies; and that in 

 the selection of types of genera previously 

 published, but of which the type would not be 

 indicated by the preceding rules, the follow- 

 ing points be taken into consideration. (This 

 includes Article 1, a ix> g, of the Report on 

 Generic Types published in Science, loc. cit.). 



Section S. Rejection of Names 

 Article 5. A name is rejected 

 (a) When preoccupied (homonym). 



1. A specific name is a homonym when it 

 has been published for another species under 

 the same generic name. 



2. A generic name is a homonym when 

 previously published for another genus. 



3. Similar names are to be treated as 

 homonyms only when they are mere varia- 

 tions in the spelling of the same word; or in 

 the case of specific names, when they differ 

 only in adjective or genitive termination. 



(6) When there is an older valid name 

 based on another member of the same group 

 (metonym). 



(c) When there is an older valid name 

 based on the same type (typonym). 



(d) When it has not been effectively pub- 



