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SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. LII. No. 1338 



by somatic changes — -weight, length, skeletal 

 changes, hair coat — as well as by psychic be- 

 havior — ^temperament, and reactions toward 

 animals of the opposite sex) ; and (6) femini- 

 zation of young male animals by the implanta- 

 tion of an ovary, with corresponding results. 



One point of especial interest, in this work, 

 is in reference to the apparent antagonism of 

 the sex glands (considered as hormone antag- 

 onism) when brought together in the same 

 individual. Steinach was unable to obtain 

 either a growth or persistence of an implanted 

 sex gland unless the gland of the host (gland 

 of the opposite sex) v}as removed iefore the 

 implantation was made. 



Following Professor Lillie's study of the 

 free-martin, and at his suggestion, I began in 

 1916 a study of the interrelation of the sex 

 glands that very soon led to a reinvestigation 

 of the conditions considered by Steinach. In 

 his study of cattle twinning, Lillie found that 

 in a very large percentage of cases the twin 

 fetal circulations are connected through an 

 anastomosis of the allantoic blood vessels, as a 

 result of the fusion of the chorionic vesicles. 

 In correlation with such a condition, and only 

 when the twins were male and female, the 

 ovarian development was suppressed in the 

 female of the pair; also, in many cases, there 

 was an apparent superposition of male second- 

 ary sex organs upon the " determined " female 

 sexual condition. In offering an explanation 

 of this unique condition, Lillie suggested the 

 possibility of a hormone antagonism with a 

 dominance of the male secretion'- {i. e., theo- 

 retically a secretion of the testis, carried in 

 the blood from the male to the female of the 

 pair, may be responsible for the accompanying 

 abnormal condition found in the female) ; the 

 development of the male sexual apparatus suf- 

 fei-s not at all from the unusual condition. If 

 the twins are homosexual — i. e., two males or 

 two females — the reproductive system of each 

 is entirely normal. 



I have previously reported^ the progress of 

 the investigation undertaken and have offered 



1 F. E. LiUie, Jour. Exp. Zool., Vol. 23, 1917. 



2 C. E. Moore, Jour. Exp. Zool., Vol. 28, Nos. 2 

 and 3, 1919. 



a few criticisms of Steinach's conclusions. The 

 immediate cause for this preliminary report, 

 upon other aspects of the problem, is the ap- 

 pearance of a paper by Knud Sand^ relative 

 to the possibility of obtaining a persistence or 

 growth of both kinds of sex glands in <the same 

 host without any apparent ill effect to either 

 gland (a hermaphroditic condition) ; this paper 

 is practically a summary of a larger monograph 

 published in Danish. 



Sand, on the whole, supports the work of 

 Steinach but has reflected some discredit on 

 the idea of sex gland antagonism. In a later 

 paper Steinach reported having succeeded in 

 obtaining subcutaneous growth of both kinds 

 of sex glands when these were grafted sim- 

 ultaneously on the same infantile castrated 

 male animal, and Sand, repeating the same 

 technic, obtained an hermaphrodite animal 

 both somatically (both glands persisted, and 

 the rudimentary mammary glands of the male 

 animal underwent considerable hypertrophy) 

 as well as psychically (the animal is described 

 as behaving both as a male and as a female). 

 He also implanted an ovary within the sub- 

 stance of a testis (" Ovario-testis ") and ob- 

 tained a (normal) persistence of both glands. 

 It is difficult, however, to clearly understand 

 all of the statements in this paper, for after 

 describing such a persistence of an ovarian 

 graft within a testis which he claims has been 

 left " in their natural position," he asserts 

 that: 



Neither did I ever succeed in a real ingrafting 

 of the heterologioal gland on non-castrated animals, 

 whereas there was, as mentionel before, a posi- 

 tive result if the gonads had immediately been 

 brought under somewhat the same conditions by 

 simultaneous transplantation on the same animal, 

 or by the intimate imion formed by the produc- 

 tion of ovario-testes.* 



Sand also agrees with Steinach in his ideas 

 of psychical changes as a result of gonad 

 transplantation into previously castrated young 

 animals of the opposite sex; he uses as a cri- 

 terion of sex his interpretations of certain 

 features of the behavior of such an animal. 



s Jour, of Physiology, Vol. 53, December, 1919. 



■* Italics mine. 



