184 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. LII. No. 1338 



of clay suspensions offer the most convenient means 

 of detecting the change caused by the presence of 

 reagents, though the distinction made by Bingham 

 between viscous and plastic flow must be kept in 

 mind. In the firing of clay, contraction of the ex- 

 ternal volume takes place due to the effect of sur- 

 face tension and the lowered viscosity upon heating. 

 With maximum contraction and closing of the pore 

 space the state of vitrification is reached. The 

 mass of the clay itself undergoes expansion upon 

 heating irrespective of the external contraction. 

 The relation between temperature, time and con- 

 traction is a most valuable one for expressing the 

 heat work done upon clays and other sUieates and 

 oxides. Vapor pressure likewise is a probable fac- 

 tor in the condensation of substances like mag- 

 nesia, coal, carbon, etc., or in mixtures of inert 

 oxides with those of higher vapor tension. The 

 end result of the heating process tends toward the 

 partial elimination of the colloid and the substitu- 

 tion of the anisotropic phase. 



Surface energy: W. D. Harkins. 

 Nomenclature in oolloid chemistry. A plea for 

 reform: Arthur W. Thomas. 



ORGANIC DIVISION 



E. Emmet Reid, Chairman 

 Kodger Adams, Secretary 



Methyl amines from cariinol and ammonium 

 cMoride, equilibria involved: W. D. Turner and 

 A. M. HowALD. Ammonium chloride and carbinol 

 with and without the addition of fused zinc chlor- 

 ide were maintained at elevated temperatures in 

 steel bombs by immersing in the vapors of con- 

 stant boiling liquids. The products were analyzed 

 for the three methyl ammonium chlorides, am- 

 monium chloride and carbinol. Using zinc chloride 

 as a dehydrating agent, mono-methyl ammonium 

 chloride was obtained up to 50 per cent, of the 

 ammonium chloride present di-methyl ammonium 

 chloride up to 10 per cent, and tri-methyl am- 

 monium chloride up to 4 per cent, of the am- 

 monium chloride present. The methods of separa- 

 tion and estimation of the four bases are given 

 together with tables of the equilibria reached, a 

 summary of the results obtained and a brief bib- 

 liography. 



The syntliesis and physical constants of henzene 

 and toluene sulphonamides : K. K. Kershner aad 

 W. D. Turner. The sulphonamides of benzene and 

 toluene are prepared synthetically from benzene 

 and toluene. This is accomplished by sulphonating 



the benzene and toluene, forming the sodium salt 

 by the addition of sodium chloride, preparing the 

 sulphonchloride by means of phosphorus penta- 

 chloride, and securing the sulphonamide by treat- 

 ment with concentrated ammonia. Duplications of 

 this process are made and comparative data taken 

 on the yields of the different compounds formed at 

 the conclusion of each step of the synthesis. The 

 sodium salts are purified by centrifuging and by 

 recrystallization from alcohol and the sulpho- 

 namides by centrifuging and by recrystallization 

 from both concentrated ammonia and alcohol. 

 Solubility data at different temperatures is taken 

 on the sodium salts of benzene and toluene and on 

 their corresponding sulphonamides with reference 

 to absolute alcohol and pure water. A summary, 

 giving the salient points of the work, and a 

 bibliography, covering the literature on the sub- 

 ject, are given. 



A sulphide alcohol: T. C. Whitner, Jr., and E. 

 Emmet Reid. By action of ethylene chlorhydrin on 

 sodium salt of butyl mercapton the alcohol 



CH,CH,0H3CH,SCH,CH,0H 



is obtained. This alcohol and its esters and halide 

 derivatives have been studied and shown to be quite 

 similar in many properties to the higher alcohols of 

 about the same molecular weights. 



A sulphide acid: K. TJteda and E. Emmet Reid. 

 By action of sodium chloracetate on sodium salt of 

 butyl mercapton the acid 



CH3CH:CH,CH,SCH,C00H 



is formed. This acid is readily obtained and is 

 found to be similar in properties to the parafine 

 acids of about the same molecular weight. The 

 methyl, ethyl, prophyl and butyl esters and a num- 

 ber of salts of this acid have been prepared. 



Seterocyclic compounds of n-arylamino alcohols: 

 R. E. RiNDPUSZ and V. L. Harnack. (1) Cyclic 

 nitrogen compounds may be formed by the dehydra- 

 tion of iV-arylamino alcohols. (2) Where six- 

 membered rings may be so formed, the dehydration 

 takes place closing a side ring into the benzene 

 nucleus. (3) Where a five-membered ring would 

 be formed as a side ring annealed to the benzene 

 nucleus, the preference is to form a six-membered 

 ring outside. This is unlike the behavior of analo- 

 gous oxygen compounds. (4) The reaction of ni- 

 trogen compounds has not been carried out in 

 enough cases to show that these inferences are 

 general. 



