522 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. LI. No. 1325 



Hasdinsburg 

 Sandstone 



GOLCONDA 



Limestone 



Indian Springs 

 Shale 



Cypress 



Sandstone 

 Beech Creek 



Limestone 

 Elwren 



Sandstone 



Eeelsville 

 Limestone 



Brandt Bun 

 Sandstone 



Beaver Bend 

 Limestone 



Sample 

 Sandstone 



Hard, flaggy ss., with some sh. 

 above and below; 25-40 

 feet. 



Bedded to massive Is., often 

 oolitic; contains chert; and 

 frequently thin sh. bands; 

 0-40 feet. 



20 feet of olive sh. character- 

 istically underlies the Gol- 

 conda limestone. 



Massive, laminated, friable, 

 yellow ss. ; 25-45 feet. 



Bedded to massive, compact 

 Is.; 8-25 feet. 



Ss. not persistent; the inter- 

 val often entirely sh. ; 15- 

 60 feet. Local unconform- 

 ity at the base. 



Compact to oolitic, pyritifer- 

 ous; wethers red; one ledge 

 at north ; some sh. at south ; 

 0-12 feet. 



Massive to bedded ss. ; usually 

 some sh. above and below 

 the ss. ; 10-65 feet. Local 

 unconformity at base. 



Bedded to massive, cream-col- 

 ored, usually oolitic Is. ; 2- 

 20 feet. 



Usually massive and accom- 

 panied by sh. ; interval fre- 

 quently all sh.; 10-40 feet. 



MITCHELL LIMESTONE GROUP 



Gasper Oolite Compact to oolitic Is., 15-40 



Limestone feet. Lower Gasper of K 



Major unconformity at base. 

 Bottom of Chester following 

 Weller. 

 Fkedonia Oolite Compact, lithographic and 

 Limestone white, finely oolitic la.; 60- 



80 feet. Major unconform- 

 ity at base. Bottom of 

 Chester following Ulrich. 

 St. Louis 

 Limestone 



Th^ correlation of coal seams by mean3 of spore- 

 exines: Eeinhakdt Thiessen. On microscopic ex- 

 amination of sections of different coal seams it is 

 readily seen that each seam presents certain ap- 

 pearances and certain constituents that are com- 

 mon to all sections from the one seam but which 

 differ in some respects from those in any other 

 seam. The spore-exiues in particular have very 



definite and clearly defined characteristics, such as 

 form, size and sculpturing by means of which dif- 

 ferent kinds can easily be distinguished from one 

 another. These spore characteristics have been 

 so well preserved in almost all coals that the spores 

 of one species of plants can be clearly distinguished 

 from those of other species. In examining the 

 spore-exines of a number of sections of one seam, 

 it is soon found that by far the larger bulk of the 

 spore-exines of that seam are often very largely of 

 the same kind. In some, two kinds, while in others, 

 thre« kinds of exines may form the main bulk. In 

 comparing the predominating exines of one seam 

 with those of another it is not difficult to see that 

 those of one bed are different in some way from 

 those of any other. Occasionally there will be 

 found in a given coal seam a spore-exine that dif- 

 fers materially from those found in other seams. 

 This spore-exine is a distinguishing characteristic 

 of the coal seam in question but not in general the 

 predominant one. As is the case in the peat form- 

 ing bogs of to-day, where each bog or series of 

 bogs contains one, two or three species of plants 

 that predominate, so in the peat bogs of the Coal 

 Age, each bog giving rise to a future coal seam 

 must have contained one, two, or three, sometimes 

 perhaps more, species of plants predominating in 

 that bog and differing from those of bogs of any 

 other time or perhaps locality. There are sufficient 

 grounds for the broad statement that, as far as 

 they have been examined, each coal seam contains 

 one or more kinds of spore-exines that are predomi- 

 nant and characteristic, or if not predominant, are 

 at least characteristic of that seam. By this 

 means any seam may readily and easily be distin- 

 guished from any other. 



Climate and geology : Stephen S. Visher. It is 

 being increasingly realized that a knowledge of cli- 

 mate is very helpful to geologists. (1) In order to 

 understand differences in weathering, erosion, 

 transportation and deposition, climate and its dif- 

 ferences must be understood. (2) Paleoolimatol- 

 ogy, or the study of the climates of the geologic 

 past is an important aspect of historical geology. 

 Several very eminent geologists have studied an- 

 cient climates and the influence of climate and 

 have enriched the science of geology greatly by so 

 doing. They have urged further study of this by 

 no means exhausted subject. Davis, Barrell, and 

 Huntington have contributed much to an apprecia- 

 tion of the importance of climate in physiography 

 and sedimentation. Schuehert has given the best 

 summary of the climates of geologic time. Cham- 



