348 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XXXVII. No. 948 



North and East Africans, Europeans other than 

 those previously mentioned, Chinese, Japanese and 

 Thibetans, Polynesians and Mieronesians, and the 

 inland tribes of the great islands of the Pacific, 

 Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes and the Philip- 

 pines. 



The three forms of the nose may appear pure 

 among any people, and in differentiating the three 

 forms in any locality I use the terms Hypo-onto- 

 morph, Meso-onto-morph and Hyper-onto-morph, 

 because in every individual it may not be clear 

 that the form of the nose is due to evolution — it 

 may be developmental. The -onto-morph noses are 

 not so strikingly different as the -phylo-morph 

 forms, but in any case the Hypo-onto-morph re- 

 sembles the Hypo-phylo-morph, the Meso-onto- 

 morph resembles the Meso-phylo-morph and the 

 Hyper-onto-morph resembles the Hyper-phylo- 

 morph. 



The Nose of the Jew and the Quadratus Labii 

 Superioris Muscle: Eobeet Bennett Bean. 

 The peculiar position of the Jew for centuries 

 may account for the origin of the Jewish nose. 

 The shape of the nose depends upon inherent and 

 extraneous influences. The latter do not concern 

 us at present. Of the inherent influences, alter- 

 ations in the bones of the head and face cause 

 changes in the shape of the nose; increased vas- 

 cularization of the nasal mucous membrane and 

 the erectile tissues of the nose, as in continued 

 excessive sexual indulgence, may alter the shape 

 of the nose; and the muscles attached to the nose 

 may change its form. 



The quadratus labii superioris muscle has four 

 parts, all of which center around the alse of the 

 nose and the base of the upper lip, and from there 

 they radiate towards the eyes in the shape of an 

 imperfect fan. The two extremities of the fan 

 are attached, the one at the root of the nose, the 

 other to the ventral surface of the malar bone. 

 The part of the quadratus muscle attached to the 

 nose is called the angular head, which has two 

 slips, one rising from the nasal bone and inserting 

 into the cartilage and tissue about the ala of the 

 nose; the other rising from the upper part of the 

 nasal process of the maxilla near the inner can- 

 thus of the eye and inserting into the skin and 

 fascia at the base of the upper lip midway be- 

 tween the center and the side of the mouth. The 

 angular head has been called the levator labii 

 superioris et alfeque nasi muscle, a term that ex- 

 presses its action. The muscle slips pull the ala 

 of the nose upward and backward, depress the 



extremity of the nose and help to elevate the upper 

 lip and deepen the naso-labial groove. The two 

 remaining portions of the quadratus muscle are 

 called the levator labii superioris and the zygo- 

 maticus minor, which form the infraorbital and 

 zygomatic heads, respectively. They rise from the 

 maxilla and malar bone beneath the orbicular 

 muscle and are inserted into the skin and fleshy 

 part of the upper lip near the corner of the mouth. 

 They pull the upper lip upward and backward and 

 deepen the naso-labial groove. Deepening of this 

 groove gives an expression of sadness, which is 

 intensified by sorrow or grief. Assisted by the 

 great zygomatic muscle and the caninus, the quad- 

 ratus draws the tissues covering the chin upward 

 and backward, pulls the corner of the mouth in 

 the same direction and deepens the naso-labial 

 groove. This sharpens the chin and makes it 

 appear to tilt upward in the form of a beak. The 

 depression of the point of the nose tilts this mem- 

 ber downward and gives it the appearance of an 

 inverted beak. The mouth is at the same time 

 drawn back, and the double beak becomes more 

 emphatic. 



The quadratus muscle is said to produce expres- 

 sions of the face that indicate a great variety of 

 emotions, all of which may be grouped as related 

 to indignation. It is essentially the muscle of dis- 

 gust, contempt and disdain, which lead to scorn, 

 acknowledging guilt. Discontent follows, witTi a 

 snarl, sneer and defiance; after which come bitter- 

 ness, and a menacing attitude, with pride. Indig- 

 nation, anger, rage and hatred rapidly succeed 

 each other. This complex of emotions may be 

 superseded by sadness, grief or sorrow. That one 

 small muscle group can express so many emotions 

 is almost inconceivable, but upon intimate analysis 

 the nineteen words used to enumerate the emotions 

 expressed by the quadratus muscle are related, or 

 proceed the one from the other in natural sequence. 



The expression of the Jew is that which would 

 result from very strong contraction of the quad- 

 ratus muscle. The nose is depressed, and this is 

 so marked that often an obtuse angle is made at 

 the junction of the cartilage and nasal bones, 

 which leaves the cartilage slanting very little and 

 at times vertical. The nose of the Jew is large, 

 and the depression of the tip increases the promi- 

 nence of the bridge and adds to its apparent size. 

 The ala looks pulled upward and backward, a 

 furrow is seen around the ala and the naso-labial 

 groove is deep. The upper lip and the corner of 

 the mouth appear pulled upward and backward 



