Mabch 28, 1913] 



SCIENCE 



499 



names in footnotes, indices, figure labels or other 

 out-of-the-way places; the habit of labeling a 

 name new species in two or more publications; and 

 the naming of new species by flocks of workers, so 

 to speak, some specific names being referable to a 

 chain of as many as five authors who have colla- 

 borated in the description. 



By unanimous vote the society instructed the 

 secretary to prepare a letter protesting against 

 the proposed changes in the international code of 

 zoological nomenclature which are being advocated 

 by the German Zoological Society, and to submit 

 the protest to the Ninth International Zoological 



Maurice C. Hall, 



Secretary 



THE ANTHEOPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 



The 466th regular meeting of the Anthropolog- 

 ical Society of Washington was held in room 43 

 of the new building of the National Museum at 

 4:30 P.M., February 18, 1913, the president, Mr. 

 George R. Stetson, in the chair. 



Professor W. H. Holmes read a paper on 

 "Agricultural Implements of the Mound-build- 

 ers, ' ' saying : 



The rich alluvial and prairie country of the 

 middle Mississippi Valley is especially adapted 

 to the practise of primitive agriculture and here 

 are found large numbers of skillfully made flint 

 blades of large size suitable for hafting as hoes 

 and showing unmistakable evidence of long usage 

 in operations that gave the working end a high 

 degree of polish. They are made of grayish flint 

 or chert which occurs plentifully in the form of 

 flattish nodules in southern Hlinois. These nod- 

 ules were readily shaped by fracture with stone 

 hammers, and vast numbers were gotten out and 

 worked up by the mound-building tribes. The 

 processes of manufacture were demonstrated by 

 the speaker and it was shown with what ease and 

 rapidity the blades could be made. 



It was also shown by examples obtained from 

 the Missouri River tribes that hoes made of the 

 scapulae of the buffalo were in use in very recent 

 times and that the hoes found in excavating an- 

 cient sites near Omaha correspond with these 

 recent Indian forms in shape, manner of haft- 

 ing and surface polish, and that both display, 

 although in bone, precisely the same kind of polish 

 and markings as do the similarly shaped hoes of 

 flint. It was suggested that these flint hoes were 

 modeled after scapular hoes, sinc^ these were in 



general use by the tribes and have doubtless been 

 in use from very early times among all the tribes 

 advanced to the sedentary agricultural status of 

 culture. 



Referring to questions of antiquity which have 

 been raised recently in regard to the burials of 

 the Omaha district, it was suggested that since 

 the buffalo was a comparatively recent arrival in 

 the Mississippi Valley, a culture in which the 

 bones of buffalo are represented must be younger, 

 not older, than that of the mound-builders, since 

 no traces or pictorial representations of the buf- 

 falo are found within the older Indian mounds. 



This paper was briefly discussed. Mr. Stetson 

 read notes on certain implements lately found in 

 Britain. Professor Holmes commented concisely 

 thereon. 



Professor Holmes then read a paper on ' ' Scope 

 and Relationships of History and Archeology. ' ' 



The second paper embodied in outline a study 

 of the nature and scope of archeology and of 

 archeological research as related to the field of 

 human history as a whole. The history of man, 

 or anthropology, according to Powell 's classifica- 

 tion, may be considered under seven heads or de- 

 partments, giving rise to as many branches of 

 research, as follows: somatology, psychology, 

 philology, sociology, sophiology, technology and 

 esthetology. In working out its problems each of 

 these seven branches employs every available 

 agency of research within and without its partic- 

 ular field and makes use of every form of record 

 in which the history of man is embodied. 



The records or sources of information to be 

 drawn upon in these researches are comprised 

 under two principal heads: intentional or purpose- 

 ful records, on the one hand, and non-intentional 

 or fortuitous records, on the other. 



The intentional records are of four forms, as 

 follows: (1) pictorial or pictographic; (2) com- 

 memorative, taking the form of monuments; (3) 

 mnemonic, in the form of tradition and lore, 

 orally transmitted; (4) inscribed or written rec- 

 ords. Fortuitous records take numerous forms: 

 (1) the diversified material results of human 

 activities in which the commemorative motive is 

 absent, but which comprise the great body of the 

 products of handicraft; (2) the immaterial results 

 of human activity as embodied in language, be- 

 liefs, customs, music, philosophy, etc.; (3) the 

 ever-existing unpremeditated body of memories 

 which accrue to each generation and are in part 

 transmitted adventitiously; (4) the record em- 



