April 18, 1913] 



SCIENCE 



613 



be accounted for, as far as I have studied 

 them, in any other way. The removal of a 

 tremendous thickness of ice from the White 

 Mountains would naturally require crustal 

 readjustment of no small order, and hence a 

 large earthquake or several of them would not 

 be strange. 



The evidences for an earthquake as the prin- 

 cipal cause of the confusion in Lost River are : 

 slickenside-like patches on a joint block over 

 which another block had violently slipped; 

 lateral movements among the blocks; the pell- 

 mell manner in which the blocks are heaped; 

 the great rock fall from the cliff, which prob- 

 ably came simultaneously with the shock in 

 the river ; the inadequacy of frost action to ex- 

 plain all of the confusion; and the elimination 

 of the disruptive force of a moving glacier. 



Although this evidence, positive and nega- 

 tive, does not prove that there was an earth- 

 quake in Kinsman Notch, it gives good ground 

 for believing that there was such a shock. I 

 have not overlooked the possibility of a local 

 shock due to the rock fall itself. The effects 

 observed appear too great for the vibrations 

 a rock fall would be expected to produce. 



I am greatly indebted to Dr. Philip W. 

 Ayres, Forester of the Society for Protection 

 of New Hampshire Forests, for guiding me to 

 several important caverns which otherwise I 

 must have overlooked. 



Robert W. Sayles 



Harvard TjNn'ERSiTY 



an analysis of the factors concerned in the 



heredity of color in tumbler 



pigeons' 



Whereas the usual methods for study of 

 heredity serve only to show us the relation of 

 one character to another, this work is an at- 

 tempt to give our terms concerning heredity 

 of color a real representation in the anatomy 

 and physiology of the bird. 



Some of the factors identified in these birds 

 by breeding experiments follow: Red (R), 

 Black (B), Intense (I), Spreading factor (S). 



The R factor (in absence of B) is assoei- 



' Abstract of a paper read before the American 

 Society of Zoologists, Cleveland, January 1, 1913. 



ated with the formation of a melano-protein 

 pigment, distinctly (pigeon) red in color, 

 easily soluble in hot 4 per cent, sodium hy- 

 droxide. This pigment is found in reds and 

 yellows. When B is present the chemical 

 processes in the skin are profoundly changed, 

 and a dead black exceedingly insoluble pig- 

 ment is formed. B is completely dominant 

 to R. 



The effects of factor I, as seen macroscop- 

 ically, are quantitative only. When I acts on 

 red pigment there is 3.5 times more pigment 

 formed, than when I is absent. Acting on 

 black pigment / has a value of about 3. The 

 physical form of the pigment is also influ- 

 enced by I. In its absence red pigment exists 

 as irregular masses, when it is present red 

 pigment takes the form of small spherical 

 granules about .4 micron in diameter, etc. 

 On the other hand black pigment exists as 

 spheres even in absence of I. When I is pres- 

 ent black pigment sometimes may exist as 

 rods. 



The spreading factor S effects a uniform 

 distribution of pigment throughout the bar- 

 bule. When this factor is absent the pigment 

 is aggregated in clumps, near the center of 

 each barbule cell. This condition changes 

 black to blue and dun to silver. The 8 factor 

 also has an influence on granule form — and this 

 influence varies with the presence or absence 

 of 7. 



There is apparently a far greater mutual 

 modification and interaction of factors in 

 these birds than formulae derived from exter- 

 nal appearance alone indicate. 



Orren Lloyd-Jones 



Department of Experimental Breeding, 

 University of Wisconsin 



a new WALNUT 



I THINK it desirable to place before the pub- 

 lic the fact that I have been growing for 

 eight or ten years a walnut hybrid originating 

 from seed of Juglans California which is a hy- 

 brid between that species and some tree, prob- 

 ably a Quercus of evergreen habit. As this 

 new form comes true from seed and may be 

 propagated indefinitely, it is worthy of a 



