Mat 9, 1913] 



SCIENCE 



703 



must be sought the key to much of the early 

 history of the Titicaca depression. The Tia- 

 huanaco Valley and its celebrated ruins will 

 be studied in relation to the supposed ancient 

 levels of Lake Titicaca and the limits of food 

 production in the valley to-day. 



Professor Bowman's results will be pub- 

 lished in preliminary form in the Bulletin of 

 the American Geographical Society and in 

 final form in a volume entitled " The Central 

 Andes." 



GLACIAL EXCVBSION OF THE CANADIAN 

 GEOLOGICAL CONGBESS 



Several of the excursions, in connection 

 with the twelfth International Geological 

 Congress, held in Canada next summer, will 

 go from Toronto to Vancouver. Then an ex- 

 cursion (C8 August 29 to September 22), 

 under the leadership of R. G. McConnell, and 

 with guidance of R. W. Brock, D. D. Cairnes, 

 and W. W. Leach, will traverse the fiords of 

 British Columbia, ascend the Skeena River 

 valley from Prince Rupert to Aldermere by 

 rail, visiting the silver-lead mines and coal 

 mines, and continuing to Skagway by 

 steamer. There will be stops at the copper 

 mines on Portland Canal and the Treadwell 

 gold mine on the Gastineau fiord at Juneau. 

 The excursions will then cross the Canadian 

 Coast Range by the White Pass and Yukon 

 Railway to Whitehorse, stopping at the copper 

 deposits there and the coal mines at Tantalus, 

 descending the Tukon River to Dawson and 

 the Klondike gold field in the driftless in- 

 terior plateau near latitude 64° north. 



After the return to Skagway an excursion, 

 under the direction of Lawrence Martin of 

 the University of Wisconsin, will be made, on 

 a special steamer, to the Malaspina Glacier, 

 Yakutat Bay, and Muir Glacier, where Rus- 

 sell Wright, Reid, Gilbert and Tarr have 

 done world-renowned work. This glacial ex- 

 cursion will last five days, with a possibility 

 of two days more in case of cloudy weather. 



The first day will afford an opportunity of 

 seeing the Fairweather and St. Elias Ranges, 

 16,000 to 18,000 feet high, and covered by 



snowfields and glaciers. These ice tongues in- 

 clude the La Perouse, Malaspina and many 

 smaller glaciers. The front of the great pied- 

 mont ice sheet of Malaspina Glacier will be 

 followed, affording an opportunity of seeing 

 the tidal ice front of the Guyot lobe west of 

 Yahtse River, the moraine-veneered ice cliff 

 of the Seward lobe at Sitkagi Bluffs, and the 

 forest-covered terminus of the Marvine lobe 

 near Point Manby. 



On the second day something will be seen 

 of the eastern border of Malaspina Glacier in 

 Yakutat Bay and the forested terminal mo- 

 raine of the Yakutat Foreland. Landings 

 will be made in Disenchantment Bay in con- 

 nection with various glacial phenomena such 

 as the shrub-covered ablation moraine upon 

 the ice of Variegated Glacier, the streams en- 

 gaged in carrying and depositing outwash 

 gravels, the calving of icebergs from Hub- 

 bard and Turner glaciers, the cirque vacated 

 by a fallen glacier, and the beaches, rock 

 benches, sea cliffs and islands which were up- 

 lifted from 7 to 47J feet during the earth- 

 quakes of September, 1899. 



The third day will be spent on and near the 

 Nunatak Glacier in Russell Fiord. Here the 

 hanging valleys, the till-veneered, overridden 

 outwash gravels, and the tidal, land-ending 

 and cascading glaciers will be visited and 

 studied, as well as the phenomena of glacial 

 erosion in the barren area from which the ice 

 has recently retreated and of fault scarps made 

 during the 1899 earthquake. Some of these 

 scarps are vertical and are 4J to 8 feet high. 



The fourth day will afford an opportunity 

 of seeing the morainic and glacio-fluviatile 

 phenomena about the terminus of the Hidden 

 Glacier, which advanced 2 miles between 

 1906 and 1909, as a result of the earthquake 

 avalanching in 1899 which has subsequently 

 caused 9 ice tongues of Yakutat Bay to 

 move forward. After this landing something 

 will be seen of a fiord with submerged hang- 

 ing valleys, submarine moraines, buried for- 

 ests, shorelines depressed in 1899, and the 

 high strand lines of a former glacial lake. 



Part of the fifth day will be devoted to 



