June 6, 1913] 



SCIENCE 



867 



menclature, suffice in very many cases to deter- 

 mine which of the syntypes is to be made the 

 lectotype." 



Supplementary Typical Material 

 Besides the type material proper there are 

 the so-called supplementary types (plesiotypes) 

 and typical specimens (topotypes, etc.) which 

 have been treated in detail by Schuchert. 

 These need not be considered here, as they are 

 merely specimens judged, with more or less 

 show of reason, to be like the type. Often, 

 perhaps usually, they do not belong in the 

 type collection at all. 



To summarize briefly the different kinds of 

 type material we have: 



I. Type Material Proper 



1. Primary types, specimens used by the 

 author in describing a new species, including 

 either (a) the true type (with its clastotypes) 

 and paratypes, or (b) the syntypes. 



2. Additional types, specimens taken from 

 the type plant or from its offspring, including 

 nverotypes, clonotypes and spermotypes. 



3. Substitute types, specimens selected as 

 types when the type was not designated, in- 

 cluding lectotypes. 



4. Reproduced types, mechanical reproduc- 

 tions of types, including phototypes, piesmo- 

 types and plastotypes. 



II. Supplementary Typical Material 



5. Supplementary types, specimens used as 

 a basis for descriptions or figures of previously 

 published species, plesiotypes. 



6. Typical material, specimens (from the 

 type locality if possible) considered to be like 

 the type, topotypes, etc. 



"Walter T. Swingle 



mosquitoes pollinating orchids 

 Early in July, 1912, Miss Ada K. Dietz, 

 who was doing research work in plant ecology 

 at the University of Michigan Biological Sta- 

 tion at Douglas Lake, told me that she had 

 seen in Eees's Bog a mosquito bearing on its 



"Arthur, J. C, et al., 1907, "American Code 

 of Botanical Nomenclature," in Bull. Torrey Bot. 

 Club, 34: 172-174, No. 4, April, published June 11. 



head two small yellow masses that looked like 

 pollen. I went to the bog and found many 

 mosquitoes there. In a few minutes I had 

 caught a haK dozen or more, all of them fe- 

 males, bearing the yellow masses. On closer 

 examination these proved to be pollinia of the 

 orchid, Habenaria ohtusata (Pursh.) which 

 was at that time abundant in the bog and in 

 full bloom. Most of the mosquitoes carried 

 one poUinium, some had two or three, and one 

 had four pollinia attached to its eyes. 



This orchid is small, green and inconspicu- 

 ous, but very similar in the structure of its- 

 flower to Orchis mascula, described by Dar- 

 win in his book on the " Fertilization of Or- 

 chids," and by Miiller in " The Fertilization of 

 Flowers." Also, the complex process of polli- 

 nation as described in the last named book (p. 

 535) for 0. mascula might apply almost un- 

 changed for S. ohtusata with mosquitoes in- 

 stead of bees for the pollen-bearers. 



I gathered a number of the plants and a few 

 mosquitoes that were free from pollinia and 

 put them together in a glass aquarium jar. In 

 a few days the mosquitoes had removed most 

 of the pollinia from the flowers and now bore 

 them on their eyes exactly as had those caught 

 outside. 



I did not learn the name of the mosquito 

 concerned. It was probably not Culex pipiens, 

 which is mentioned by Miiller as a visitor to 

 the flowers of Rhamnus Frangula. So far as 

 I know, this is the only case reported in which 

 mosquitoes seem to be of primary importance 

 as agents of pollination. 



John Smith Dexter 



Columbia Univeesity 



SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 



The New Realism: Cooperative Studies in 

 Philosophy. By E. B. Holt, W. T. Mar- 

 vin, W. P. Montague, E. B. Perry, W. B. 

 Pitkin and E. G. Spauldijsg. New York,. 

 The Macmillan Company. 1912. 



The World We Live In. By George Stuart 

 FuLLERTON. New York, The Macmillan 

 Company. 1912. 

 The first of these contributions to philos- 



