February 4, 



3.] 



SCIENCE. 



175 



Radiolaria. To be consistent, they should 

 follow Haeckel, who has shown conclusively 

 that the same reasoning which draws the My- 

 cetozoa into the protozoan group would also 

 draw the bacteria and fungi. This, however, 

 they decline to do, and their classification of the 

 Ehizopods is thereby weakened. The diflBculty 

 might have been avoided by introducing the 

 questionable forms in an appendix under some 

 name indicating their aiSnities to the plants. 

 The same criticism might apply to their order 

 Phytoflagellidfe. It is of value to show the 

 connection of these plant-like forms to the 

 Rhizopods and Flagellates, if for no other reason 

 than to show the possible polyphylletic origin of 

 Protozoa from Protophyta, but to make them 

 equivalent to the well-defined animal groups 

 seems to be a taxonomic error. 



In classifying the Sporozoa the q,uthors have 

 left the beaten track and have taken advantage 

 of the recent works of Labbe, Schneider and 

 innumerable other investigators of this un- 

 familiar group to produce a new and apparently 

 trustworthy classification in which the adult 

 form is taken as the basis for the two main 

 subdivisions — the Rhabdogenise (in place of 

 Labbe' s Histosporidse and Cystosporidaj) and 

 the Amoebogenise (equivalent to Biitschli's 

 Myxosporidia). 



One feature of the book which may be open 

 to criticism is that nearly all of the figures 

 taken from various special works are modified 

 in some way to conform to the plan of schema- 

 tization, and the reader is left with a feeling of 

 uncertainty as to how much is real and how 

 much imaginary, and he natuarally questions 

 the degree of accuracy with which the authors 

 draw the line between the two. 



Another and a more important criticism 

 touches the plan of presentation which is to be 

 followed throughout the series. While there is 

 undoubtedly much of value in the idea of their 

 ' concrete ' zoology for teaching purposes, there 

 are important reasons why the method they 

 adopt cannot give complete satisfaction. For 

 example, one cannot resist a feeling of disap- 

 proval upon seeing an Amceha proteus described 

 and pictured with the long reticulate and 

 anastomosing pseudopodia of the Foraminifera 

 in addition to its own lobose type ; nor, indeed. 



a ' hypotrichous ciliate with the musculature of 

 a heterotrichous form.' Such a method may be 

 very successful in forcing upon the student a 

 general idea of the group described, but the 

 picture which he carries away with him may be 

 of some form which does not actually exist in 

 nature, while with that mental picture he 

 carries a number of others which show devia- 

 tions from the morphological type. It may be 

 asked, then, if the confusion of pictures which 

 the student gets is not as bewildering to him as 

 the confusion of facts and exceptions in the 

 ' abstract ' type of text-book ? 



Finally, this work, although of undoubted 

 value for teachers and specialists, is designed as 

 a text-book for beginners, but, putting aside all 

 considerations of method and merit, the mere 

 size of any zoology which begins with 470 pages 

 on the Protozoa and which promises to fill a 

 large number of volumes is out of reach of the 

 student, and he must continue to seek a text- 

 book, probably of the ' abstract ' type, which is 

 condensed, simple, interesting and scientifically 



accurate. 



Gary N. Calkins. 

 Department of Zoology, 



Columbia University, New York, 

 December, 1897. 



Sleep: Its Phxjsiology, Pathology, Hygiene and 



Psychology. By Marie de Manaceine (St. 



Petersburg). Contemporary Science Series. 



Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons, New 



York. 1897. Pp. 335. 



This work, already published in Russian and 

 French, now appears in English, enlarged and 

 revised by the author herself. It is a brief and 

 somewhat popular summary of the best that is 

 now known about the physiology, pathology, 

 hygiene and psychology of sleep. The author's 

 own investigations supplement a very wide 

 range of reading on the subject. A classified 

 bibliography enumerates about 550 books and 

 articles pertaining more or less directly to 

 sleep. 



The one constant physical accompaniment of 

 sleep is arterial, particularly cerebral, anaemia, 

 with venous congestion, particularly congestion 

 of the vessels of the skin, with dilatation of the 

 arms and legs. The plethysmographic experi- 



