464 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. VII. No. 170. 



being his contributions to our knowledge of its 

 cartilaginous skull. Two parts of the new edi- 

 tion have been published so far, one dealing 

 with the skeleton and the muscles, the second 

 ■with the nervous system. 



In dealing with the bony frame-work of the 

 frog one would naturally expect but few 

 changes; since the time of Duges these parts have 

 been pretty accurately known. In certain places, 

 as in the treatment of the wrist and ankle, the 

 matter in this edition is much changed, while 

 here and there minor changes are noticeable. 

 Thus the name of the anterior end of the sternal 

 structures has been changed from omosternum 

 to episternum, but without (in spite of what ap- 

 pears on pages 31 and 32) sufficient justification. 

 It has yet to be shown that the element in 

 question is homologous with the episternum of 

 Stegocephali, Reptilia, etc. Again we do not 

 like the substitution of ' parabasal ' for the well- 

 known term parasphenoid (p. 50), or that of 

 quadrato-maxillaria (p. 55) for the quadrato- 

 j ugul. Bardeleben will be pleased with Gaupp' s 

 acceptance of the prehallux as a veritable sixth 

 toe. 



More noticeable than these points in this sec- 

 tion on the skeleton is the space given to the 

 ■chondrocranium,* a subject which Gaupp has 

 made peculiarly his own. Descriptions are 

 given of these parts in the young and in the 

 adult. 



In the section on the muscles the changes 

 are more numerous, names being altered in 

 many instances so as to show more clearly the 

 homologies with the musculature of man. In 

 many places, noticeably with regard to the 

 muscles of the abdomen and of the feet, the 

 changes are more marked, as in these regions 

 Dr. Gaupp has differentiated the muscles to a 

 greater extent than has ever been done before. 



The part upon the nervous system, embrac- 

 ing no less than 234 large octavo pages, over 

 half of them in fine print, shows the greatest 

 change. In fact, it is hardly possible to com- 

 pare this portion of the work in the two 

 editions. This change was certainly to be ex- 



*Gaupp, like most Germans, calls this the pri- 

 mordial cranium. It is better to restrict this term to 

 the membranous envelope of the brain which pre- 

 cedes the cartilaginous skull. 



pected when it is recalled that no discoveries 

 in the last fifteen years equal those in relation 

 to the structure of the brain and nerves. The 

 Golgi and methylene blue methods have let no 

 little light into this most complicated part of 

 vertebrate anatomy. 



Dr. Gaupp adopts throughout the neural ter- 

 minology of the German Anatomical Society, 

 which, backed as it is by some of the best 

 anatomists of the world, will probably have 

 wide acceptance, although some of its features 

 seem needless. Dr. Gaupp has given us not 

 only an account of those features in the nervous 

 system which can be made out by ordinary dis- 

 secting methods, but one of the clearest sum- 

 maries of the internal structures with which we 

 are acquainted. The student who has been 

 troubled in trying to understand the compli- 

 cated relations of fibre-tracts, ganglia, ' nuclei,' 

 fasciculi, commissures, deeper origin of cranial 

 nerves and other like questions should follow 

 through the matter detailed in these pages, 

 where he will find summed up not only the 

 studies of Burckhardt, Edinger, Koppen, Ram6n 

 y Cajal, Sala, Studnicka, etc., but the investi- 

 gations of the author himself. The peripheral 

 and sympathetic systems are treated with equal 

 thoroughness and their distribution traced with 

 a detail far beyond that in any previous work 

 on the frog ; and the chief point on which we 

 could desire more information not given in this 

 work is a study of the nerve components such 

 as Dr. Strong has given us for the tadpole. 

 On almost every page we find a feature lacking 

 in the previous editions — comments on the mor- 

 phological bearings of the facts presented. 

 Where there is so much and where all is so 

 well treated it is difiicult to select any one 

 part for special mention. We can hardly hope 

 that the whole work "will be translated into 

 English, but we wish' that these pages on the 

 nervous system could be put into available 

 shape for the American student, for they form 

 a most admirable introduction to neurological 

 studies, and for many years no work upon 

 the nervous system of the Ichthyopsida can 

 be undertaken without extended use of Dr. 

 Gaupp's summary. 



In its mechanical make-up the work is attract- 

 ive. The typography is good and the subordi- 



