Jtilt 24, 1908] 



SCIENCE 



99 



group such institutions as Hamline Uni- 

 versity, Epworth University, Baylor Uni- 

 versity, Kansas City University, and some 

 forty or fifty other essentially minor in- 

 stitutions can not be considered an illu- 

 minating classification. 



The presence of a certain number of 

 resident graduate students is a significant 

 feature of an institution for higher educa- 

 tion, and might be used with advantage in 

 a classification if graduate students in the 

 various institutions had to comply with 

 similar requirements before being en- 

 rolled. It is true that the graduate stu- 

 dent must have received a college degree, 

 but a collegiate degree in the United States 

 means anything from a bachelor of arts or 

 a bachelor of science of such an institution 

 as the Ohio Northern University, Ada, 

 Ohio, up to the bachelor of arts and 

 bachelor of science of such universities as 

 Columbia, and the University of Chicago. 

 Until the collegiate degrees begin to have 

 a definite meaning, it will be futile to base 

 any classification upon the graduate 

 schools, which essentially rest upon these 



The annual income is one of the better 

 ways of grouping American colleges and 

 universities, because a "dollar" is some- 

 what the same all over the United States; 

 whereas a "student" may mean a person 

 in the "school of oratory" or a candidate 

 for the degree of doctor of philosophy. 

 The word "teacher" may mean a full pro- 

 fessor working exclusively for his college 

 or a musician in Chicago who is the "non- 

 resident director" of the schools of music 

 of a chain of small colleges throughout 

 Illinois and the adjacent states, the same 

 individual being counted thus in a score or 

 more of college catalogues. The test of 

 annual income, however, fails to divide in- 

 stitutions into any sharp groups. The in- 

 stitutions range almost continuously from 

 so-called colleges receiving an annual in- 



come of eight hundred and fifty dollars up 

 to universities with a yearly budget of a 

 million and a half dollars. It is true that 

 between six hundred and fifty thousand 

 dollars a year income and eight hundred 

 and fifty thousand doUars a year income 

 occurs a break, but there does not seem 

 any solid reason why the ten i;niversities 

 above this break should be considered 

 apart from the Universities of Missouri, 

 Toronto, Pennsylvania, Minnesota and 

 Nebraska, which come immediately below. 

 It must also be noted that the figures in 

 regard to annual incomes are not abso- 

 lutely to be relied upon. Many institu- 

 tions say frankly that the return under 

 this head is only an approximation, and 

 although the foundation has made every 

 effort to exclude such extraordinary items 

 as gifts, special legislative appropriations 

 for the erection of buildings, etc., from 

 this calculation of annual incomes, it can 

 not feel certain that in all cases the figures 

 given under this head represent the normal 

 yearly income of the institution— the in- 

 come which can be devoted to running ex- 

 penses. Thus the Ohio State University 

 at Columbus, in estimating its annual in- 

 come, included the unexpended balance of 

 a legislative appropriation for building 

 operations granted several years before, 

 and Harvard University included in its 

 annual income the value of certain securi- 

 ties which it had sold during the year in 

 order to make a reinvestment. The 

 foundation has been unable to obtain 

 copies of all college treasurers' reports, 

 and so has been unable to check all the re- 

 turns made. Such inclusion of building 

 appropriation, bookkeeping items, etc., will 

 doubtless account for some cases where, 

 according to the institution figures, a dis- 

 proportionately small percentage of the 

 income is devoted to the salaries of the 

 instructing stafi'. In many small colleges, 

 on the other hand, the regular income is 



