September 11, 1908] 



SCIENCE 



347 



opens a way of solution for the vexed 

 Richmond question. These lower shales, for 

 which he has suggested to the writer a revival 

 of the early name Lewiston shale, Hartnagel 

 has again shown to be strictly continuous with 

 the underlying Oswego sandstone, which in 

 turn appears to constitute merely the closing 

 episode of the Lorraine division. The Lewis- 

 ton shales must therefore be referred to the 

 Cincinnatian (Eopaleozoic), and that they are 

 the true time equivalent of the Eichmond beds 

 is indicated (1) by homotaxy, (3) by the find- 

 ing of the Richmond species, Bhynchotrema 

 capax and Amhonychia radiata, high up in 

 their supposed Pennsylvania equivalent, the 

 " red Medina " (Juniata), as ascribed to 

 Stevenson in Dana's Manual; (3) by the im- 

 mediate succession of the Clinton to the Rich- 

 mond fauna in the continuous deposits of 

 Anticosti and (4) by the survival into the 

 Clinton of such Richmond forms as Platys- 

 trophia lynx and Calymmene senaria. There 

 is thus no room for the interpolation of an 

 " Oswegan " time-division and fauna (if such 



existed). The Oswego and Lewiston beds as 

 we know them are entirely barren, except for 

 the two Richmond fossils mentioned, while the 

 wholly minor congeries occupying the hun- 

 dred feet of true Medina (Oneida) and con- 

 sisting chiefly of Lingula cuneata and Ar- 

 throphycus alleghamensis contains other 

 forms, such as Bucania iriloiata, which link it 

 closely with the Clinton fauna, into which it 

 might be merged without violence. In any 

 case the (restricted) Medina falls within the 

 Niagaran, which thus becomes the Eontaric, 

 with the Clinton facies for its initial fauna 

 in America as in Europe. 



It should be noted in passing that both 

 Hartnagel and Sarle have shown the fauna of 

 the so-called " upper Clinton' ' (Irondequoit) 

 limestone to be very nearly that of the 

 Rochester shale, to which it should, therefore, 

 be transferred. A rather similar development 

 of limestone at the base of the Rochester ap- 

 pears to exist in Ohio. The Furnaceville ore 

 bed lies in and not lelow the Wolcott lime- 

 stone. 



Having replaced the Niagaran in the 

 Eontaric (compare the old Dana classification 

 — Niagara, Salina, Lower Helderberg), it 

 seems natural to restore the triple time- 

 division of the Ontario by separating the 

 Salina series from the higher limestones of the 

 Cayugan, to which that name may accordingly 

 be restricted as chiefly applicable. This step 

 is made easy by Hartnagel's unraveling of the 

 Cobleskill limestone and discrimination of the 

 overlying (Rondout) from the underlying 

 (Bertie-Rosendale) " waterlimes." We now 

 have in the marine faunas of the Cobleskill, 

 Rondout and Manlius limestones a very 

 natural group characterized by certain well- 

 marked shells and corals ranging through the 

 three formations. Quite distinct from these 

 is the mass of barachois deposits constituting 

 the group which may be designated by the 

 long-established term. Salinan. Hartnagel's 

 determination of the eastern New Tork ex- 

 pression of these beds on theoretic (strati- 

 graphic) grounds has found a gratifying con- 

 firmation through the recent discovery of a 

 Pittsford fauna in the Shawangunk con- 



