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SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XXVIII. No. 718 



tion on matters pertaining to instruction 

 within the faculty as it is inappropriate to 

 leave to the individual professor. The 

 faculty is presided over by the dean, 

 elected each year. The election of the 

 dean must usually be confirmed by the 

 Minister of Instruction. The teaching 

 staff consists of full professors {ordentliche 

 Professoren), associate professors {ausser- 

 ordentliche Professoren), lecturers below 

 professorial rank {Privat-Dozenten) , with 

 numerous laboratory assistants and helpers 

 (Diener). 



At the universities of Brlangen, Jena, 

 Marburg and Tiibingen the entire number 

 of full professors, in all the faculties, make 

 up the senate of the university. This is 

 the general legislative body of the institu- 

 tion. In the other universities the senate 

 is composed of the rector and his immediate 

 predecessor, the university judge, the deans 

 of the several faculties and a certain num- 

 ber of professors elected each year by the 

 entire professorial body. The universities 

 of Freiburg, Giessen and Heidelberg, in 

 addition to this smaller representative sen- 

 ate, have also a senate consisting of all the 

 professors, which deals with general dis- 

 ciplinary and administrative matters not 

 referred to the higher body. The imiversi- 

 ties of Greifswald, Halle, Kiel, Konigsberg 

 and Rostock call this full gathering of the 

 professors the Consistory, or the General 

 or Academic Council. 



When a vacancy occurs in a professorial 

 chair, the general usage is for the faculty 

 to submit candidates to the reigning sov- 

 ereign, who either approves one of those 

 proposed or by the exercise of his preroga- 

 tive appoints a scholar of his own selection. 

 The exact details of these nominations and 

 the frequency with which they are disre- 

 garded by the sovereigns differ in the sev- 

 eral states. In Prussia, although the fac- 

 ulty concerned has the right to submit three 



names to the King, the King often makes 

 an independent choice. In Bavaria the 

 faculty sends three names to the senate of 

 the university, and in Wiirttemberg four 

 names, the nominees being arranged in 

 order of preference. The university sen- 

 ate considers the nominations and, having 

 altered them if it sees fit, forwards the list 

 through the minister to the King. It is 

 seldom that either the King of Bavaria or 

 the King of Wiirttemberg does not make 

 the appointment from one of these nom- 

 inees. In Baden the senate of the univer- 

 sity can append a report to the three 

 names, arranged in order of preference, 

 which have been nominated by the appro- 

 priate faculty, but can not change the nom- 

 inations. The grand-ducal Minister of 

 Instruction then makes the selection him- 

 self without referring the matter to the 

 Grand Duke, and it is very unusual for an- 

 other than one of the faculty nominees to 

 be chosen. 



When a new chair is created at a univer- 

 sity, the final decision whether it is to be 

 a full professorship or an associate one 

 rests with the legislature of the state (or 

 in Mecklenburg-Schwerin with the Grand 

 Duke) at the time of considering the an- 

 nual budget. Of course, the proposals of 

 the ministry generally receive the assent 

 of the Chambers. A regular professorship 

 is maintained indefinitely, but occasionally 

 personal professorships are created which 

 expire when the occupant of the chair 

 ceases to exercise the functions of a pro- 

 fessor. In Prussia, when a chair is to be 

 filled for the first time, the crown does not 

 ask the faculty in which it is to exist for 

 nominations. 



The procedure in the selection of asso- 

 ciate professors is generally the same as 

 that which prevails in respect to full pro- 

 fessors, except that the Minister of Instruc- 

 tion himself acts upon the nominations of 



