OCTOBEB 2, 1908] 



SCIENCE 



433 



all the fees in excess of 3,000 Marks 

 [($713), except at the University of Ber- 

 lin, where the surrender was one half of 

 the fees above 4,500 Marks ($1,069). 

 This calculation of 3,000 and 4,500 Marks 

 was not to include the commission of the 

 "Quaestus" for collecting the fees. The 

 professor was to receive these sums of 

 3,000 and 4,500 Marks net. Professors 

 appointed in 1897 and afterwards were 

 required to sign this contract. In ex- 

 change the royal government promised to 

 arrange the salary schedule so that there 

 should be an increase in the professor's 

 salary proportional to his length of serv- 

 ice, and guaranteed a minimum income 

 of fees of 800 Marks ($190) from lecture 

 fees, examination fees, and promotion fees, 

 to all of the full professors and the associ- 

 ate professors alike. Many professors 

 whose fees were greatly in excess of 3,000 

 Marks, or 4,500 Marks at the University 

 of Berlin, declined to accept the govern- 

 ment's invitation. According to Professor 

 Biermer, only 361 out of the 738 etats- 

 mdssig professors in the Prussian univer- 

 sities agreed at once to the proposal. For 

 the others there was thus no regular in- 

 crease of salary as their period of service 

 lengthened. But many of the professors 

 who at first refused have since given their 

 adhesion to these regulations, and as all 

 of the appointees since 1897 are under its 

 provisions, the plan may now be consid- 

 ered as the normal arrangement in the 

 Pi'ussian universities. 



Under the salary schedule thus in force 

 since 1897, the theory is that a full pro- 

 fessor begins his service with an annual 

 government salary of $950 ; at the Univer- 

 sity of Berlin $1,040. Thereafter there is 

 an increase of $95 every four years until 

 in twenty years a maximum of $1,425 is 

 reached; at the University of Berlin a 

 maximum of $1,711 in twenty-four years. 

 At the discretion of the royal Ministry of 



Public Instruction the maximum may be 

 raised in special instances to $1,853— at 

 the University of Berlin to $2,233. With 

 the approval of the King the respective 

 maxima may go even higher, and at the 

 University of Berlin it is now $3,563. 



Associate professors in the Prussian uni- 

 versities begin usually at an annual sal- 

 ary of $475— at the University of Berlin 

 $570. Their salaries are advanced in the 

 same manner by $95 every four years until 

 the maximum of $950 is reached in twenty 

 years— at the University of Berlin $1,140 

 in twenty-five years. An associate pro- 

 fessor, like the full professor, may likewise 

 receive a special guarantee of fees, or a 

 special salary supplement. 



In Prussia each full and salaried as- 

 sociate professor receives an additional 

 sum of money each year as a "residence 

 indemnity," gi'anted quite generally to all 

 the higher civil servants of the King, be- 

 cause of the greater cost of living in the 

 cities. The Universities of Berlin and 

 of Breslau (which has recently been 

 raised to the same class as Berlin) fix this 

 residence indemnity at $214 annually. 

 At the Universities of Bonn, Halle, 

 Konigsberg and Kiel, it is $157, and at 

 the Universities of Gottingen, Greifswald 

 and Marburg, it is $128. 



Kingdom of Bavaria.— Aboni fifteen 

 years ago the Bavarian government 

 adopted a new salary scale for the univer- 

 sity professors, whereby their incomes are 

 considerably augmented. A full pro- 

 fessor now commences with a government 

 salary of $1,083 (4,560 M.). At the end 

 of each of three periods of five years $85 

 (360 M.) are added to the salary, and 

 thereafter the increment is $42 (180 M.) 

 at the end of each period of five years. 

 An associate professor usually commences 

 with a government salary of $756 

 (3,180 M.), receiving the same increases 



