OOTOBEB 2, 1908] 



SCIENCE 



437 



between the two countries is that the Ger- 

 man universities pay an unusual amount 

 for unusual merit. In America, on the 

 contrary, the unusual man fares no better 

 than his colleagues of mediocre ability. 



Table XII. gives the facts of Table XI., 

 distributing the income among the four 

 faculties of each university.^ It is evident 

 at a glance that professors of law receive 

 most, and professors of theology least." 

 Professors of medicine occupy the second 

 place. 



The associate (ausserm-dentliche) pro- 

 fessors in German universities are of two 

 kinds, the etatsmassig ausserordentliche 

 professors and the nicht-etatsmassig ausser- 

 ordentliche professors. The former is the 

 class meant when associate professors are 

 spoken of without any qualifying expres- 

 sion. The latter class is about one fourth 

 of the entire number, varying in different 

 universities from ten to eighty per cent. 

 They enjoy the title of associate professor, 

 but the title is not accompanied by an ap- 

 pointment from the government, nor do 

 these associate professors draw the govern- 

 ment salary appropriate to their rank. 

 They are either teachers who have practi- 

 cally the finajicial status of privat-doeents 

 but have been given the higher title on 

 account of merit or long service, or they 

 are men who for various reasons are ex- 

 empt from the responsibilities and the re- 

 wards Tvhich normally attach to the pro- 

 fessorial office. The following statements 

 will deal solely with the etatsmassig asso- 

 ciate professors. 



In the thirteen universities which have 



° Faculties of natural science are counted as 

 faculties of philosophy in tliis table and through- 

 out this bulletin. 



' It must be remembered that at eight German 

 universities there are Roman Catholic faculties 

 of theology, which consist largely, if not exclu- 

 sively, of celibate ecclesiastics. 



been carefully studied, the number of these 

 professors is about three sevenths of the 

 number of the full professors. Four tenths 

 of the associate professors are in receipt of 

 professorial incomes of from $1,000 to 

 $1,400; one fourth of them receive less 

 than $900; half of them receive over 

 $1,200; and one fourth receive more than 

 $1,700. The incomes below $600 and those 

 above $2,400 number about the same. The 

 typical income is one from $1,000 to $1,200. 

 Ninety-six per cent, of the incomes lie be- 

 tween $900 and $2,400, and eighty-seven 

 per cent, between $600 and $2,000, and 

 although this indicates a very large vari- 

 ability of income, it is not as great a varia- 

 bility as was found in the case of full pro- 

 fessors. The average income of an asso- 

 ciate professor is a trifle over $1,300. 



The professorial incomes which have been 

 given must, of course, be interpreted in 

 terms of the cost of living. To compare 

 this cost of living with the similar cost for 

 an American university professor is diffi- 

 cult. The Carnegie Foundation has en- 

 deavored to obtain the cost of provisions, 

 servant-wages, and house rent in the Ger- 

 man university cities, in order to be able 

 to institute a comparison with a similar 

 investigation conducted in America. The 

 cost of foodstuffs in Germany, especially 

 since the new Imperial Tariff Act, is higher 

 than in the United States; the wages of 

 servants, on the other hand, are very much 

 lower. House rent is lower than in Amer- 

 ica, although not nearly as much lower as 

 servant hire. For the latter item there is, 

 as in the United States, a great difference 

 between different localities. Marburg and 

 Berlin can no more be considered together 

 in respect to the necessary scale of pro- 

 fessorial expenditure than can Charlottes- 

 ville and New York. Furthermore, in Ger- 

 many no more than in America is it pos- 

 sible to estimate what a professor and a 



