THE GEOKGE CATLIN INDIAN GALLERY. 37 



"The Eecl Men of Iowa," by A. E. Fulton, 1882. In this volume Mr. 

 Fulton says : 



Prominent amongst the aboriginal tribes of the Northwest were the united tribes 

 known and designated in our treaties as the Sacs and Foxes. These were not the 

 national names of these tribes, but for some reason they were the names adopted in 

 the treaties made with them. The Sac does not so call himself, but Saw-Me, which 

 signifies " the man with the red badge or emblem." Red, with them, was the favor- 

 ite color in the adornment of their persons. When the Saw-kie mourned for his dead 

 he covered his head with red clay, as the Hebrews, on similar occasions, sprinkled 

 ashes upon their heads. The national or Indian name of the associate tribe, known 

 to us as Foxes, was Mus-qua-lcie, which means " the man with the yellow badge or em- 

 blem." The name Fox originated with the early French voyageurs, on account of their 

 adroitness in stealing articles of small value. They called them Reynors, and the 

 river in Wisconsin where these Indians lived, now known as Fox River, the French 

 called "Rio Reynor." By that name it appears on the old French and Spanish maps. 

 When the country came into possession of the English the name Beynor assumed the 

 English translation of Fox. Many early English writers, however, speak of this 

 tribe as the Reynards. * * * 



The Foxes * * * in 1812 joined with the Iroquois in an attempt to destroy the 

 French post at Detroit. They failed in that enterprise, were routed, and retired to 

 a peninsula in Lake Saint Clair, where they were afterwards attacked by the French 

 and driven out. 



They next appear on Fox River, at Green Bay. Here they greatly annoyed the 

 French traders and trappers. Again they were defeated by the French in the battle 

 of " Buttes des Morts," or " Hill of the Dead." In this battle a large number of their 

 warriors were slain, after which the remnant of the tribe fled to the banks of the 

 Wisconsin. From this time the Foxes or Reynards (originally called Outagamies) 

 were scarcely noticed in aboriginal history until within the nineteenth century. 



The two tribes, Sacs and Foxes, became united about the year 1712, and removed 

 together to the Mississippi. 



Mr. W. H. Jackson, in 1877, wrote as follows: 



The Sacs, Sauks, Saukies, or Osaukees, as it has been variously written— a word 

 meaning yellow clay — and the Foxes, or Outagamies, or more properly the Musquak- 

 kink (red clay), are now as one tribe. They were first discovered settled about Green 

 Bay, Wis. (after residence on the north shore of Lake Ontario), but their possessions 

 extended westward, so that the larger part was beyond the Mississippi. They partly 

 subdued and admitted into their alliance the lowas, a Dakota tribe. By 1804 they 

 had ceded all their lands east of the Mississippi, and settled on the Des Moines River, 

 moving subsequently to the Osage (in Kausas), and, after 1842 [in 1845], the most of 

 these finally to the Indian Territory. In 1822 the united bands numbered 8,000, but are 

 now (1875) reduced to a little more than 1,000, of whom 341 are still in Iowa, 430 in 

 the Indian Territory, 98 in Nebraska, and about 200 in Kansas. The Sacs and Foxes 

 of the Mississippi in the Indian Territory have a reservation of 483,840 acres. Unsuc- 

 cessful attempts have been made lately to induce those in Kansas to join them. Those 

 in Iowa are living on a section of land purchased by themselves (Tama County). The 

 Sacs and Foxes of the Missouri have 4,864 acres of land in Nebraska, but it is proposed 

 to remove them soon to the Indian Territory. 



Judge James Hall, of Philadelphia, Pa., and Cincinnati, Ohio, 

 1793-1868, who enjoyed a long and extended jjersonal acquaintance 

 with them, states: 



The Foxes and Sacs are remarkable for the symmetry of their form and fine personal 

 appearance. Few of the tribes resemble them in these particulars ; still fewer equal 



