THE GEORGE CATLIN INDIAN GALLERY. 91 



stroug groimds to tlie contrary arc advanced, it is jiroper to assnmo that the purest 

 dialect is found nearest the i)rimoval liome of tlie stock. — Daniel G. Brinton, A. M., 

 M. D., 1885, "Tlie Lendpd and their Legends." 



Mr. Jackson says of tlie Algonkins : 



Early in the seventeenth century the Algonkins were the largest family of North 

 American Indians within the present limits of the United States, extending from New- 

 foundland to the Mississippi, and from the waters of the Ohio to Hudson's Bay and 

 Lake Winnipeg. Northeast and northwest of them were the Eskimos and the Atha- 

 bascas ; the Dakotas bounded them on the west, and the Mobilian tribes, Catawbas, 

 Natchez, &c., on the south. Within this region also dwelt the Iroquois and many 

 detached tribes from other families. All the tribes of the Algonkins were nomadic, 

 shifting from place to place as the fishing and hunting upon which they depended re- 

 quired. There has been some difficulty in properly locating the tribe from which the 

 family has taken its name, but it is generally believed they lived on the Ottawa 

 Eiver, in Canada, where they were nearly exterminated by their enemies, the Iroquois. 

 The only remnant of the tribe at this time is at the Lake of the Two Mountains. 



Of the large number of tribes forming this family, many are now extinct, others so 

 reduced and merged into neighboring tribes as to be lost, while nearly all of the rest 

 have been removed far from their original hunting-grounds. The Lenni Lenape, 

 from the Delaware, are now leading a civilized life far out on the great plains west 

 of the Missouri, and with them are the Shawnees from the south and the once power- 

 ful Pottawatomies, Ottawas, and Miamis from the Ohio Valley. — W. H. J., 1877. 



CHEYENNES. 



This nation has received a variety of names from travelers and the neighboring 

 tribes, as Shyennes, Shiennes, Cheyennes, Chayennes, Sharas, Shawhays, Sharshas, 

 and by the different bands of Dakotas, Shal-en-a or Shai-6-la. With the Blackfeet, 

 they are the most western branch of the great Algonkin family. When first known, 

 they were living on the Chayenne or Cayenne Eiver, a branch of the Eed Eiver of the 

 North, but were driven west of the Mississippi by the Sioux, and about the close of 

 the last century still farther west across the Missouri, where they were found by those 

 enterprising travelers Lewis and Clarke in 1803. On their map attached to their report 

 they locate them near the eastern fac6 of the Black Hills, in the valley of the great 

 Sheyenne Eiver, and state their number at 1,500 souls. Their first treaty with the 

 United States was made in 1825, at the mouth of the Teton Eiver. They were then 

 at peace with the Dakotas, but warring against the Pawnees and others. Were then 

 estimated, by Drake, to number 3,250. 



During the time of Long's expedition to the Eocky Mountains, in 1819 and 1820, a 

 small portion of the Cheyennes seem to have separated themselves from the rest of 

 their nation on the Missouri, and to have associated themselves with the Arapahoes 

 who wandered about the tributaries of the Platte and Arkansas, while those who re- 

 mained affiliated with the Ogalallas, these two divisions remaining separated until 

 the present time. Steps are now being taken, however, to bring them together on 

 a new reservation in the Indian Territory. 



Up to 1862 they were generally friendly to the white settlers, when outbreaks oc- 

 curred, and then for three or fours years a costly and ^bloody war was carried on 

 against them, a notable feature of which was the Sand Creek or Chivington massacre, 

 November 29, 1864. " Since that time there has been constant trouble. * * * In 

 1867 General Hancock burned the village of the Dog Soldiers, on Pawnee Fork, and 

 another war began, in which General Custer defeated them at Washita, killing Black 

 Kettle and 37 others." The northern bands have been generally at peace with the 

 whites, resisting many overtures to join their southern brethren. — W. H. Jackson, 1877. 



The Southern Cheyennes, partially under Black Kettle, and Arapa- 

 hoes, along with other Indians in the military division of the Missouri, 



