216 MB. F. E. BEDDARD — CONTBIBUTIOjN'S TO THE 



(35) Flexor hrevis hallucis. — This muscle divides near its insertion into two bellies, 

 one of which is inserted in common with the abductor, the other with the adductor. 



(36) Adductor hallucis. — This is a large fleshy muscle arising from the plantar 

 fascia and from the heads of metacarpals ii. and iii. ; it is inserted in common with 

 the last muscle. 



(37) Transversus pedis. — This muscle is much more limited in extent than in the 

 Chimpanzee ; it arises along a narrow line of the plantar fascia, measuring four-fifths 

 of an inch in length on a line with the second metatarsal ; it is inserted entirely on to 

 the end of the metatarsal of the great toe, and not at all on to the phalanx. 



Prof. Huxley, in his ' Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrate Animals,' mentioned 

 some of the principal muscles of the Anthropomorpha. My dissection of the Orang 

 does not, however, bear out all his statements, though no doubt there are variations. 

 Thus the transversus jiedis is not absent, though it is smaller than in the Chimpanzee. 

 The adductor irevis is not absent, as Bischofl' stated i, but is present, as Miss Westling 

 has pointed out i. Dr. Chapman ^ speaks of the scansorius as " glutseus minimus." 

 It has been shown in the preceding pages that both these muscles are present in the 

 Orang dissected by myself; it is possible, therefore, that in the Orang dissected by 

 Dr. Chapman the glutceus minimus was really absent ; the probability of the absence 

 of this muscle in the Orang is increased by the fact that Dr. Chapman identified it in 

 the Chimpanzee. Dr. Chapman found, as I did, no trace oi a, plantaris ; but Sandifort 

 (quoted by Dr. Chapman) asserted the presence of this muscle. Dr. Hartmann, how- 

 ever, failed to find it ; its absence, therefore, must be regarded as typical. The same 

 observer has described a double origin to the dorso-epitrocklear, part of it arising from 

 the clavicle ; I found nothing of the kind. 



§6. The Palate. 



The ridges upon the hard palate of the Orang have been figured by Gegenbaur ^ ; 

 but this figure shows certain differences from what I have observed in the individual 

 described in the present paper. The number of these ridges appears to be about the 

 same ; but they are much more regular in the palate described and figured by Gegenbaur. 

 This is particularly so with the last four ridges. In both specimens (pi. v.) the palatal 

 ridges are more numerous than in the Chimpanzee, indicating, so far as this character 

 can be made use of, the greater proximity to Man of the Chimpanzee. On the other 

 band, the great irregularity of the palatal ridges in the Orang is such as is met with in 

 the Anthropoids generally. A peculiar feature about the palate of the Orang which 

 I examined is its deep black pigmentation, shown in the figure (Plate XXV. fig. 3). 

 After it had been allowed to macerate for some days, in order to prepare the skull for 



' These references will be found on p. 204 of the present memoir. 

 " " Die Gaumenfalteu des Menschen," Morph. Jahrb. Bd. iv. p. 573. 



