Pdeuaet 15, 1918] 



SCIENCE 



163 



Dr. Jesse Walter Fewkes, a distinguished 

 areheologist and naturalist, has been appointed 

 chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology 

 in Mr. Hodge's place. Dr. Fewkes has been 

 an ethnologist on the Bureau's staff since 1895 

 and is a member of the National Academy of 

 Sciences and of many scientific societies in 

 this country and abroad. 



Dr. Fewkes is a graduate of Harvard Uni- 

 versity, with the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. 

 He was a student in the University of Leipsic, 

 Germany, from 1878 to 1880; served as assist- 

 ant in the museum of comparative zoology at 

 Harvard University from 1881 to 1890; was a 

 member of Louis Agassiz's school at Penikese 

 Island and had charge of the laboratory of 

 Alexander Agassiz, at Newport, Rhode Island, 

 for four seasons. He was secretary of the 

 Boston Society of Natural History from 1885 

 to 1890. During this year, while in California 

 studying marine zoolgy, he became deeply in- 

 terested in the aborigines of the southwest 

 and gave up natural history to devote himself 

 entirely to the ethnology of the Indians of 

 New Mexico and Arizona. For five years he 

 had charge of the Hemenway Expeditions 

 organized for the study of the southwest 

 Indians, at Zuni and Hopi. In 1895 he was 

 appointed an ethnologist in the Bureau of 

 American Ethnology. He is preeminently a 

 field worker, and the record of his original 

 researches on archeological subjects can be 

 found in the Journal of American Ethnology, 

 of which he was editor, and in the Bulletins 

 and Reports of the Bureau of American 

 Ethnology and the Smithsonian Institution. 

 He has made extensive collections of ancient 

 pottery and other prehistoric aboriginal ob- 

 jcts, the more notable of which are now on 

 exhibition in the National Museiun. 



One of the important lines of work inau- 

 gurated by Dr. Fewkes was the repair of the 

 large ancient ruin, consisting of several com- 

 pounds composed of massive buildings, known 

 as " Casa Grande " in southern Arizona and 

 cliff dwellings and other ruins in the Mesa 

 Verde National Park, Colorado. Previously 

 to this work, no care was taken by archeologists 

 to repair and otherwise preserve from rapid 



destruction the prehistoric buildings they had 

 excavated. An increased interest in these 

 antiquities led to their protection by the gov- 

 ernment and to the limitation of work on them 

 to systematic scientific investgators. Up to 

 the present time four large ruins on the Mesa 

 Verde — viz.. Spruce-tree House. Cliff Palace, 

 Sun Temple, and Far View House — have been 

 preserved in this manner under his direction. 



Some of the scientific writings of Dr. Fewkes 

 are : " The Snake Ceremonials at Walpi " ; " An 

 Archeological E.xpedition to Arizona in 1895 " ; 

 "Two Summers' Work in Pueblo Ruins"; 

 " Casa Grande, Arizona " ; " Excavation and 

 Repair of Spruce-tree House"; "Cliff Pal- 

 ace " ; " Sun Temple " ; and " Far View House." 

 To meet the increasing desire for archeolog- 

 ical information on the West Indies, after the 

 close of the Spanish War, several visits were 

 made by him to Porto Rico, a report on which 

 was published in an elaborate memoir, " The 

 Aborigines of Porto Rico and Neighboring 

 Islands." 



Dr. Fewkes has received the degree of LL.D. 

 from the University of Arizona, was made 

 a Knight of the Order of "Isabela la Ca- 

 tolica " by the queen regent of Spain' in 1872, 

 and was the recipient of a gold medal from 

 King Oscar of Sweden for his archeological 

 researches. 



PUBLIC-HEALTH ADMINISTRATION IN RUSSIA 



Russia, with about 180,000,000 inhabitants, 

 85 per cent, of whom live in the rural districts, 

 has developed a combined system of free med- 

 ical care and health protection for her rural 

 population to a point which is unique and of 

 which we are only beginning to dream. This 

 is a statement of Professor C.-E. A. Winslow, 

 professor of public health at the Yale Medical 

 School, and member of the Red Cross Mission 

 to Russia in 1917, who, in Public Health Re- 

 ports, as quoted by the Journal of the Ameri- 

 can Medical Association, gives the history and 

 many details of the public-health administra- 

 tion in that country which he studied in the 

 past year during the revolution. 



Previous to the creation of the zemstvos in 

 1864 by Alexander II., hospitals had been es- 

 tablished and medicine had developed chiefly in 



