July 21, 1916] 



SCIENCE 



97 



Wenley, E. M. 1910. Modern Thought and the 



Crisis, etc. Macmillan. 

 Woodbridge, F. J. E. 1906. The Problem of 



Consciousness in "Studies in Honor of C. E. 



Garman. ' ' 

 Woodruff, C. E. 1911. Modern Vitalism. New 



York Med. Jour., Aug. 19, 26. 



GUSTAV SCHWALBE 



The death is announced of Professor Doctor 

 Gustav Schwalbe, one of the most distin- 

 guished anatomists of Germany, who, estab- 

 lished in recent years his leadership in the 

 subject of human anatomy through his broad 

 and profound knowledge of comparative anat- 

 omy. His analysis of the human remains of 

 the Lower Paleolithic, beginning with the type 

 Neanderthal skull, resulted in the recognition 

 of Homo neanderthalensis as a distinct species 

 of the human race. This has been followed by 

 many other penetrating studies from which an 

 entirely new system of cranial measurements 

 has been deduced, namely, an internal system 

 which takes account of the proportions of the 

 brain in place of the external system of Brocca 

 and the older anatomists based on the super- 

 ficies of the skull. Following the lamented 

 death of Eberhard Praas, the paleontologist, 

 the loss of Schwalbe will be severely felt in the 

 University of Strassburg. All those who en- 

 joyed the pleasure of the acquaintance of this 

 distinguished anatomist and who recall his 

 genial and modest personality will deeply la- 

 ment his death. 



Henry Fairfield Osborn 



THE RURAL ROADSIDES IN NEW 

 YORK STATE 



By investigations just completed by the 

 New York State College of Forestry at Syra- 

 cuse, it has been found that nine tenths of 

 the roadsides in the rural districts of ISTew 

 York state are entirely void of shade trees. 

 When this is considered along with the fact 

 that last year New York state paid out of the 

 state treasury about $30,000,000 for the con- 

 struction and maintenance of roadbeds, it 

 shows that the state is not yet awake to the 

 great need and the great possibilities in rural 

 roadside improvement. 



The preliminary survey which has just 



been made by H. B. Francis in charge of the 

 landscape extension work of the College of 

 Forestry, covered nearly 3,000 miles of the 

 main lines of highways passing through such 

 important points as Rochester, Buffalo, James- 

 town, Olean, Hornell, Corning, Ithaca, Cort- 

 land, Elmira, Binghamton, Oneonta, Kings- 

 ton, Hudson, Albany, Schenectady, Glens 

 Falls, Lake Placid, Malone, Potsdam, Water- 

 town, Utica, Borne and Syracuse. 



During the survey studies were made of 

 such important features in rural roadside im- 

 provement and beautification as good and bad 

 varieties of trees found along the highways, 

 views and vistas obtained from the highways, 

 the effects of the shade trees on crops in ad- 

 jacent fields, the possibilities of the covering 

 of barren embankments and the planting of 

 some desirable sort of vegetation where over- 

 head wires are in large numbers. One of the 

 principal features studied was the condition 

 of the roadbed as affected by the presence or 

 absence of shade trees. 



A detailed study of the main state highway 

 east and west between Albany and Buffalo 

 will be made immediately by the State College 

 of Forestry. The observations which have 

 already been made in all sections of the state 

 together with the information obtained by the 

 detailed study will be used as a basis for an 

 educational publication to be issued by the 

 college and distributed very widely to organi- 

 zations in the state, such as the automobile 

 clubs, women's clubs, commercial associations, 

 granges, farm bureaus and the State Forestry 

 Association and other individuals interested 

 in this development. 



This is the first comprehensive study to be 

 made of the landscape treatment of the rural 

 roadsides in the state and the college pre- 

 dicts a wider appreciation of the possibilities 

 and the necessity for the planting and pres- 

 ervation of forest trees along the rural road- 

 sides. Few people in the state will be able to 

 visit the wonderful national parks of the west, 

 but an increasing number of people will own 

 automobiles and use the highways of the state. 

 Many if not all of these highways may easily 

 become state park ways of beautiful trees and 



