September 8, 1916] 



SCIENCE 



339 



teur showed that the famous epidemic of 

 silkworm disease in Prance was caused by 

 a protozoan (Ghigea bombysis) and this 

 might be considered the first great discov- 

 ery in this field. Another early discovery in 

 protozoology was that of the malarial para- 

 site by Laveran in 1880. These years, how- 

 ever, were so thoroughly dominated by bac- 

 teriologic conceptions that Laveran, think- 

 ing that the parasite belonged to the plant 

 kingdom, gave it the name ' ' oscillaria. ' ' 



The significance of Smith and Kil- 

 bourne 's discovery and what really marked 

 a new epoch in the study of disease was the 

 principle involved in the mode of transmis- 

 sion of an organism through infected ticks 

 (and only in this manner) and in the fact 

 that a definite series of changes necessary 

 for the propagation of the disease went on 

 in the body of the tick by the infecting 

 agent. Here was an observation that 

 opened a new field in the relation of animals 

 to human disease and upon this basis the 

 great discoveries in connection with the 

 transmission of malaria, yellow fever and 

 many other diseases, especially tropical, 

 were later made. The mode of transmis- 

 sion in such diseases having thus become 

 known their control in many instances has 

 become a relatively simple matter. 



To convey an impression of the impor- 

 tance and of the large number of diseases 

 of man carried by the lower animals and as 

 an introduction to a discussion of the 

 varied relations of animals to human dis- 

 ease I will present the following resume : 



HUMAN DISEASES CARRIED 



1. By the dog: 

 Babies. 



Boot and mouth disease. 

 Helminthiasis. 

 Flukes. 



Tapeworms (especially Tcenia echino- 

 coccus) . 

 Infantile splenomegaly (from dogs through 



fleas) . 

 Trypanosomiasis (T. ganibiense). 

 Mange. 

 Bleas and ticks. 



Bingworm. 

 Bavus. 



2. By the cow: 



Tuberculosis. 



Actinomycosis. 



Anthrax. 



Cowpox. 



Tetanus (through vaccine). 



Boot and mouth disease. 



Septic sore throat. 



Babies. 



Bus infections. 



Tenia saginata. 



Milk sickness. 



Baratyphoid fever. 



3. By the horse: 



Glanders. 



Babies. 



Tetanus. 



Sporotrichosis. 



Anaphylaxis. 



Serum disease. 



Odor of horses. 



4. By swine: 



Trichuriasis. 



Tuberculosis. 



Anthrax. 



Cestodes (especially T. solium). 



Trematodes. 



5. By sheep: 



Anthrax. 

 Tuberculosis. 



6. By goats: 



Malta fever. 

 Tuberculosis. 



7. By the antelope: 



Sleeping sickness. 



8. By the cat: 



Babies. 



Cestodes. 



Trematodes. 



Bavus. 



Bingworm. 



9. By rats: 



Bat bite fever. 



Bubonic plague (through fleas). 



Trichiniasis (through hog to man). 



10. By ground squirrels: 



Bubonic plague. 



11. By birds: 



Bsittacosis (from parrot). 



12. By fish: 



Tape worms. 



13. By arthropods, chiefly insects: 



Mosquitoes : 



Yellow fever. 



Malaria fever. 



Dengue fever. 



Pilariasis. 

 Bleas : 



Bubonic plague. 



Infantile splenomegaly. 

 Ticks and mites: 



Bocky Mountain fever. 



Belapsing fever (African). 



Tick fever of Miana. 



Japanese flood fever. 

 Lice: 



Typhus fever. 



