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SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLIV. No. 1133 



stripped his listeners. I thought that, in 

 my own case, it was my incomplete knowl- 

 edge of the language that was at fault, but 

 I remember that von Frey, who was then 

 docent in physiology, said that frequently 

 he could not follow Ludwig. 



Another thing that drew men from dis- 

 tant lands to his laboratory was the fact 

 that it was well known that he never made 

 use of his students for his own immediate 

 glory, and that the researches which he in- 

 spired, and even those in which he did the 

 most difficult part of the experimentation, 

 were at all times treated as the personal 

 investigations of those who worked with 

 him, and were published under their names. 

 As evidence of his unheard-of self-denial, 

 Tigerstedt offers his own case. Having 

 carried through a piece of work at Lud- 

 wig 's suggestion, he sent him the manu- 

 script from Stockholm for his criticism. 

 The only correction which he made was to 

 strike out the words, "Stetiger Beihulfe 

 vom Herrn professor Ludwig." 



It has often been said that Ludwig was 

 absolutely unselfish in the lavish way in 

 which he gave his ideas to others. He had 

 so many ideas that he could well afford to 

 be generous; he loved his science and re- 

 joiced in the scientific achievements of his 

 pupils; he was, moreover, worldly wise, in 

 the best sense. 



Oh, if we draw a circle premature, 



Heedless of far gain, 



Greedy for quick returns of profit, sure 



Bad is our bargain. 



The wonderful richness of the uninter- 

 rupted series of papers, published from his 

 laboratory during the 56 years of his ac- 

 tivity, was only made possible by his skil- 

 ful division of labor, and his capacity to 

 estimate the abilities and tastes of those 

 who worked with him. Each man had his 

 own clearly defined problem, and the prob- 

 lems were as distinct as the men. It was 

 remarkable how many different forms of 



research he could supervise at the same 

 time and keep them all clearly in mind. 

 When I was working with him there were 

 Wooldrich, who was studying the effect of 

 stimulating special parts of the heart of the 

 dog; Stolnikow, the rate of flow of the 

 blood; Tigerstedt, the latent period of 

 muscle ; von Frey and Grubler, metabolism 

 of isolated muscle when at rest and in ac- 

 tion; Bohr, the way gases enter and leave 

 the blood in the lung; myself, the method 

 of spread of reflex processes in the spinal 

 cord ; and Miss Smith, who was working on 

 a histological subject with Gaule, and 

 others, working under Drechsel, on prob- 

 lems in physiological chemistry, among 

 whom was Abel, now professor of pharma- 

 cology at Johns Hopkins. 



You might be interested to know his 

 daily routine. Every morning he visited 

 the tables of the different men and dis- 

 cussed with them the next step to be taken, 

 often appointing the hour when he would 

 take part in the research with them (and 

 the appointment was always punctually 

 kept) ; or he would take them into his pri- 

 vate room and critically discuss the meth- 

 ods employed, making suggestions as to the 

 direction in which new and more effective 

 methods could be sought, carefully go over 

 the curves and other data already obtained 

 and the inferences to be drawn from them. 

 This was not done offhand, for each night 

 when he left the laboratory he carried to 

 his rooms above, records and protocols of 

 investigations in progress, for careful 

 study. 



An hour or more was devoted to the 

 preparation of his lectures, which were 

 given at four o'clock and were richly il- 

 lustrated with experiments. In the prepa- 

 ration of the experiments he was assisted 

 by the mechanic of the laboratory, Salfa- 

 moser, who had come with him from Vienna 

 to Leipzig. No account of Ludwig and 



