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SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLIT. No. 1133 



permission to enrole in his course of lec- 

 tures. When the student addressed him as 

 Herr geheimer Rath, Ludwig straightened 

 up and corrected him, ' ' Ich bin Professor. ' ' 



In spite of his simple, genial manner, 

 he had an innate dignity which always in- 

 spired respect. I can not imagine any one 

 taking a liberty with him, certainly not a 

 second time, for he could be cuttingly 

 severe when he chose. 



He was not only thoughtful and consid- 

 erate of others, but his tender heart made 

 him, although of necessity a vivisector, al- 

 ways careful to avoid the infliction of un- 

 necessary pain. He saw to it that all ex- 

 perimentation on animals in his laboratory 

 was performed in such a way that the suf- 

 fering incurred should be the least possible. 

 He was president of the Leipzig Society for 

 the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals for 

 twenty years, and did much to develop in 

 the community a recognition of man 's duty 

 towards the animals dependent on him. 

 The fact that he held this position for so 

 long, shows how thoroughly this side of his 

 character was recognized by his fellow 

 citizens. 



In his young days he was an active po- 

 lemiker, and in that connection could use 

 right hard words, but one never noticed in 

 his controversies anything that pointed to 

 an overestimation of self; the contest was 

 simply the expression of his inner convic- 

 tion that the way that the new physiology 

 had chosen was the right way, and that one 

 must vigorously fight the methods of dilet- 

 tanteism, which, without regarding the 

 true content of the question at hand, would 

 escape the difficulties, to reach results which 

 at first glance were striking. 



Every new advance which promised to 

 open the doors of nature's secrets, regard- 

 less of where and by whom they were made, 

 was greeted not merely with warmth, but 

 with enthusiasm. M. Chauveau, when pres- 



ident of the Societe de Biologie of Paris, 

 referring at one of its meetings to the loss 

 which science had suffered in Ludwig 's 

 death, said, "Ludwig, du rest, etait anime 

 du sentiments de 1 'equite porte au plus haut 

 degre; il n'a jamais menage l'expression de 

 son admiration a ceux de nos compatriotes 

 qui en etaient dignes." 



Ludwig 's interests were not merely scien- 

 tific. He possessed a remarkable fund of 

 information on the greatest variety of sub- 

 jects, and whether he spoke of music, art. 

 industrial and political conditions in other 

 lands, of science or philosophy, his point of 

 view was always original and suggestive. 

 He had a keen sense of humor, and in the 

 midst of a conversation of grave interest 

 he would introduce an amusing story which 

 would illustrate the point under considera- 

 tion without breaking the thread of thought. 

 An admirable storyteller, he rarely told a 

 story for the story's sake; gifted beyond 

 most men as a speaker, he was a good lis- 

 tener; in short he had the ability, pos- 

 sessed by so few, of leading a conversation 

 so as to bring out the best from others. 



Much of his power over his pupils was 

 based upon his unaffected regard for them 

 as individuals. He entered into their lives 

 as only a friend can do, and continued his 

 interest in them and their work long after 

 they had left the institute. He wrote a 

 charming letter, and found the time to 

 answer his old pupils when, working under 

 unsympathetic conditions, they turned to 

 him for advice and new inspiration. I hold 

 in my hand a photograph which I value 

 greatly, and which bears a characteristic 

 inscription : ' ' Could I but spring and swim 

 like the third in our league, I would soon 

 croak 'Good morning' to you and your dear 

 wife in New York. Oh they were good 

 days. Your former teacher." They were 

 good days. 



In February, 1895, two months before he 



