524 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLIV. No. 1137 



progressively and conspicuously from mouth to 

 head. Topics : plant zonation of the valley 

 floor and walls ; plant life of the stream and its 

 borders; plants of precipices, spurs, hanging 

 valleys and summit ridges. 



The first trips of the course are short — across 

 the college farm, and in the immediate vicinity 

 ■ — to familiarize the students with the general 

 plans and methods of field work. The longest 

 trips come late in the school year, after the 

 class is thoroughly accustomed to field collect- 

 ing and the ecologic point of view. 



TYPICAL FIELD RECORD OUTLIKE FOR THE STUDY 

 OF A SEED-PLANT 



1. Name of plant — Scientific; English; Ha- 



waiian. 



2. Family. 



3. Location — as specific as feasible. (Students 



need training in accurate designation of 

 localities.) 



4. Habitat — distinctive features; soil; mois- 



ture; exposure; elevation; shade; plant 

 associates; etc. 



5. The stand — solitary ; clumps ; extensive pure 



stands; colonial; etc. 



6. Growth-form and duration — herb; vine; 



shrub; tree; rosette; prostrate, etc.; out- 

 line sketch of profile, drawn to scale. 



7. Stem — dimensions; characteristics of bark; 



mode of branching; cross-section of stem; 

 mode of growth ; special features and adap- 

 tations of stem, water-storage, etc. 



8. Foliage — phyllotaxy; light relation. De- 



scription of leaf : blade — shape, size, color, 

 texture, venation, apex, base, margin, other 

 features ; petiole — length, cross-section, 

 etc. Collect six typical leaves for labo- 

 ratory work. Variation; polymorphism; 

 accessory structures. Leaf fall ; leaf scars. 



9. Inflorescence — abundance; location; kind; 



season. 



10. The flower — color; odor; shape; size; 



flower buds ; special features, nectaries, etc. 

 Collect six flowers, in various stages of 

 development, for laboratory work. Pack 

 carefully to avoid crushing. Pollination — 

 method and agents; desirable and unde- 

 sirable insect visitors ; protection of pollen 

 from rain, etc., close-pollination. 



11. Fruit — abundance; kind; size; shape; 



color; texture; dissemination. Collect six 

 fruits in various stages of growth, for 

 anatomical studies of fruits and seeds in 

 laboratory. 



12. Seeds — abundance; size; shape; color; dis- 

 semination. 



13. Examine the various parts and organs of 

 the plant for fungous diseases and insect 

 pests, malformations, etc. Collect plenty 

 of material for laboratory work. 



14. Boot system — if practicable, dig up several 



plants and determine character of roots, 

 and area occupied by them. (Studies of 

 roots in the field are very important, and 

 constitute a much-neglected phase of 

 botanical teaching. The writer strongly 

 believes that at some point in the course 

 the student should himself dig up and 

 carefully examine the root systems of sev- 

 eral representative plants.) 



15. Relations of the individual plant to its 



associates — competition ; commensalism ; 

 stratification; succession; etc.; visible evi- 

 dence of adaptation. 



REFERENCES 



Bessey, C. E. 1912. Botany by the Experimental 

 Method. Science, N. S., Vol. 35, June 28, 

 1912, pp. 994-96. 



Budington, B. A. 1915. Distinctive Contribution 

 of Biological Study to the Life of the Stu- 

 dent. School and Society, Vol. 2, July 24, 

 1915, pp. 109-15. 



Caldwell, O. W. 1911. Broducts of Our Botan- 

 ical Teaching. Science, N. S., Vol. 33, Apr. 

 28, 1911, pp. 633-39. 



Clark, B. M. 1913. Living versus Dead Biology. 

 School Beview, Vol. 21, Apr., 1913, pp. 250- 

 253. 



Clements, F. E. 1905. Besearch Methods in 

 Ecology. Lincoln, Neb. 

 1911. Methods of Botanical Teaching. Sci- 

 ence, N. S., Vol. 33, Apr. 28, 1911, pp. 642- 

 646. 



Clute, W. N. 1907. Teaching the Names of Ani- 

 mals and Flants. School Beview, Vol. 15, 

 June, 1907, pp. 463-66. 

 1909. Making Botany Attractive. School Be- 

 view, Vol. 17, Feb., 1909, pp. 97-98. 



Copeland, E. B. 1914. Botany in the Agricul- 



