786 
number, contain altogether about 45 per 
cent of all the people of Europe. Col- 
lectively they have increased at the rate 
of 10 per cent. 
France and its colonies and the col- 
onies and dependencies of the United 
Kingdom take a census during the pres- 
ent year, but the results are not yet 
available. 
THE FORM OF GLACIER TERMINALS 
S IS well known, the lower ends or 
terminals of glaciers differ greatly 
in form, ranging from a gentle slope, 
‘through a curve more or less steep, to a 
sheer cliff. 
Glaciers waste in two ways: by abla- 
tion; that is, melting and evaporation, 
and by breaking off in fragments at the 
terminal, or cleaving. As there is every- 
where more or less ablation, the form of 
the terminal is determined by the pres- 
ence or absence of this cleaving. lf 
there is no cleaving, the longitudinal pro- 
file of the terminal is a curve, more or 
less steep and convex upward. 
All glaciers which project into the 
sea or other deep water (tidal glaciers) 
end in cliffs. The main reason for this 
is well known. The comparatively warm 
water melts the ice in contact with it, 
and so undercuts that above, which 
therefore cleaves off, precisely as a hard 
bed of rock does when the softer under- 
lying bed is eroded from under it. 
Occasionally glaciers ending on land 
are found with cliff terminals, like those 
of tidal glaciers, but the method of their 
construction is quite different. 
Such terminals can be formed only 
when the glacier is moving more rapidly 
than it melts. Like a river, the move- 
ment of the lower part of the glacier is 
retarded by friction on its bed; the 
higher parts travel faster and at the 
Thus 
lower end project over the lower. 
Tae NATION Me CEOGR Veit Wi Ne Azan 
unsupported they cleave off, forming a 
@liinin 
Cliff terminals are found on land in 
moderate latitudes only on _ glaciers 
which are advancing. In high northern 
latitudes, where, owing to the low tem- 
perature, melting is at a minimum, such 
ice fronts are common. 
The ordinary form of terminal gla- 
ciers ending on land is a curve, convex 
upward. This form is produced by ab- 
lation, coupled with the forward move- 
ment of the ice.. The more rapid this 
movement—provided it does not result 
in an advance of the glacier—the steeper 
the profile curve of the terminal, and the 
slower this movement, the flatter the 
curve. If there is no movement—if the 
ice at and near the terminal is stagnant— 
the terminal is a gentle slope. 
It follows from the above that the 
form of the terminal of a glacier may 
change with the -seasons, becoming 
steeper in winter and less so in summer. 
It would be interesting to know if this 
is true. lal (Gi 
BOOK REVIEWS 
“A Tenderfoot with Peary.” 
8vo., pp. 317; 16 illustrations. 
Frederick A. Stokes Co. 1g1t. 
It is searcely necessary to introduce the 
author as a young Yale graduate who made his 
maiden trip to the Arctic with Peary on his 
latest and successful dash to the Pole. 
That he was a tenderfoot in the sense that 
every experience was absolutely new—that, 
consequently, he saw everything there was to 
see and felt everything to the full, is plainly 
written on every page. He was not at all, 
however, the kind of tenderfoot who never 
learns, for he became one of Peary’s most 
efficient assistants. 
His book is filled with vivid descriptions of 
scenes and experiences, seen and told as no one 
but a tenderfoot could. After reading Peary’s 
strong narrative, this book fills in the flesh and 
blood of the story. 
There are few books of travel as captivating 
as this. The book is beautifully illustrated, 
mainly from photos taken by the author. 
By George Borup. 
New York: 
