938 
THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 
MAGAZINE 
Photo by B. H. Buxton 
HORB FROM THE CITY WALL, SHOWING THE STEEP TILED ROOFS OF THE HOUSES 
Alsace, and northern Switzerland. The 
“ingen” settlements appear to have 
spread over the fertile uplands of Wurt- 
temberg, south to the Rhine, across it, 
and then in a westerly direction to Basel 
and a little way beyond. From Basel, on 
the right bank of the river, they ran up 
north about half way to Strassburg. On 
the west of the Black Forest the “ingens” 
do not seem to have come down from 
the north, as there are none in Baden 
except towards its southern boundaries. 
There is another small isolated group of 
“ingens” in northwestern Alsace. 
The “heims” appear to have spread 
from the north up the left bank of the 
Rhine as far as Basel, and, crossing the 
river at some points, to have mingled 
with the “ingens.” 
The ‘“weilers” for the most part edge 
the mountains, and wherever they are 
found away from the ranges, the maps 
show considerable stretches of wood, an 
indication that in these spots the land is 
below the average in fertility and was 
avoided by the earliest settlers. In the 
Black Forest and the Vosges ranges 
themselves the place-names mostly bear 
some such meaning as hill, brook, wood, 
often with the name of some wild ani- 
mal, such as boar, beaver, or deer, tacked 
on to them, and may be rendered as 
Boarswood, Beaverbrook, and so on. 
TYPES OF ANCIENT VILLAGES 
_ The ancient “ingens” and “heims” are 
found in the fertile plains and rolling up- 
lands, and present a particular, compact 
type of plan for the villages, which are 
known as “geschlossene dorfer” (closed 
_ villages), the houses being closely packed 
together, often very lofty, grouped 
around a center, which is the market- 
place of the larger towns. The church 
does not often take a central position, 
but Christianity came later than the set- 
tlement. 
Of a very different type are the vil- 
lages of the foothills of the Black Forest ; 
for example, on the uplands of the left 
bank of the Nagold. In these villages 
the houses lie relatively far apart from 
