PRESENT CONDITIONS IN CHINA U2 
race, customs, and appearance. 
Probably one-fifth have angle 
eyes, such as are frequently 
found in Anglo-Saxons. 
MANCHUS ARE MORE PROGRES- 
SIVE THAN THE CHINESE 
(SEE ALSO P. 1135) 
They do not all hate the 
Manchus, who are said to rule 
them. They rule themselves, 
and only a few of them ever 
saw a Manchu or could recog- 
nize one. China is what she 
is because she is Chinese. Re- 
formers have sometimes tried 
to evade this truth, and in 
times of rebellious recrimina- 
tion have shouted it out loud— 
just as loud as they could. 
For several weeks “Down 
with the Manchus” has beena 
war-cry in China. It was the 
war-cry of the Taiping rebel- 
lion, and of countless rebel- 
lions since, as well as count- 
less rebellions previous—right 
back to 1644, when the Man- 
chus took the Chinese throne 
from their Chinese allies. 
There are no new war-cries 
in China. The only new cry 
is the cry of the Western idea 
in the progressive Chinese, 
the foreign idea of knowledge and of 
human life upon this earth and in the 
hereafter. The same ideas are older in 
China than in the earth outside China, 
but the outside has succeeded in impress- 
ing a different form of the ideas upon 
Chinese. 
The Manchus, who hold the throne, 
have not been caught unawares by revo- 
lution. They have given more thought 
than have others to its meaning and pos- 
sibilities, dreading the present moment 
from the days of the Boxer War, when 
their late Empress Dowager discovered 
that the progressive Chinese and Man- 
chus were aware of her grave political 
faults. From that time of the Boxer 
War until 1908, when she died, she is- 
sued, enforced, relaxed, and re-enforced 
Photo from China Inland Mission, Toronto 
MARRIED WOMEN OI YUNNAN (SEE P. ITIQ) 
special mandates against the leaders of 
reform with inexplicable whim, caprice, 
and bloodshed. She laid hands on the 
first martyr of this revolution when Shen 
Chin, the reformer, with great cruelty 
was beaten to death with a stave in the 
imperial prison of Peking, July 31, 1903. 
Believing that he was being sacrificed for 
making known Russian demands that be- 
came one of the causes of the Russo- 
Japanese War, and appreciating his fate, 
he indited, some hours before his torture, 
a poem in which he spoke uncomplain- 
ingly of his betrayers, addressed the 
spirits of 11 other reformers of his na- 
tive provinces who preceded him as mar- 
tyrs of the Palace Revolution of 1898, 
and appealed to the noble to remember 
his sorrows. ‘This is the poem: 
