JANUARY 26, 1912] 
The first indication of nuclear division is the 
accumulation of protoplasm at the poles of the 
nucleus. Later the nucleole loses its regular out- 
line and stainable material seems to be given off 
from it into the nuclear cavity. No spirem seems 
to be formed from the reticulum. When the 
nucleole is nearly or wholly disintegrated, fibers 
from the polar region enter the nucleus and at 
the same time all the stainable material contracts 
to form the equatorial plate. This now separates 
into two parts, which move to the poles as dense 
homogeneous masses. Vacuoles appear and ulti- 
mately the stainable material is uniformly dis- 
tributed through the daughter nucleus as pale 
blue-staining bodies. Red-staining bodies appear. 
The blue-staining bodies lose their distinctness 
and part of them, at least, form a homogeneous 
blue-staining ground substance in which the sey- 
eral red, nucleole-like bodies are imbedded. This 
mass rounds up to form the nucleole of the resting 
nucleus. During nucleole formation a delicate 
reticulum has appeared. 
The Effect of Gymnosporangium upon the Tran- 
spiration and Photosynthesis of Apple Leaves: 
Howarp 8. REED and J. S. CooLry, Virginia 
Agricultural Experiment Station. 
In connection with pathological studies, the 
authors made determinations upon water elimina- 
tion and carbon-dioxide consumption of healthy 
and rusted apple leaves. The varieties of apple 
known as York Imperial and Ben Davis were used. 
Transpiration was measured on twigs on the trees 
and determined in grams per square centimeter 
per hour. An average of five tests on Ben Davis 
apple leaves showed that in rusted leaves the 
water elimination was 50 per cent. of that in 
healthy leaves on the same trees. 
For determining the rate of photosynthesis 
Ganong’s photosynthometers were used. Experi- 
ments were always run in duplicate, using healthy 
and diseased leaves. Results were expressed as 
cubic centimeters of CO, consumed per square 
centimeter per hour. The diseased leaves showed 
marked diminution in power to consume CO.. 
A Study of Protoplasmic Movements in Fungi: 
F. M. ANDREWS, Indiana University. 
Very little work has been done on the subject 
of protoplasmic movements in fungi. This study 
was undertaken in Pfeffer’s laboratory to ascer- 
tain if the few observations made were correct and 
to extend them. 
The fungi used for this investigation were 
Mucor stolonifer, M. mucedo and Phycomyces 
SCIENCE 
155 
nitens. They were grown in various nutrient 
media such as a 4 per cent. solution of cane 
sugar; in gelatine (generally 10 per cent.), plum 
juice and others. 
In making these investigations it was first at- 
tempted to determine the nature of the proto- 
plasmic movements in the fungal filaments as they 
occur under ordinary conditions. Secondly it was 
desired to ascertain the effect of external condi- 
tions in the streaming movements such as tem- 
perature, food, transpiration, osmosis, light, in- 
jury, ete. 
The most favorable temperature for growth is 
from 23 degrees to 26 degrees for the plants used. 
Below the optimum sudden rise in temperature of 
a few degrees results in movement if the proto- 
plasm is still-or an acceleration where slow move- 
ment is already present if all the other conditions 
are perfect. 
In most cases those nutrient media containing 
sugar of suilicient strength produced an active 
growth and filaments having a large diameter 
which was necessary for favorable study. The 
gelatine and plum juice media also produced ac- 
tively growing and wide filaments. In some other 
media, as where the sugar was entirely absent, 
only feeble narrow filaments were found. 
In actively streaming specimens dry air caused 
acceleration for a time and then cessation of 
movement. On using moist air immediately after 
movement recommenced. 
Streaming can also be produced in the filaments 
of these plants by placing a solution of sugar 
about the filament. Streaming then begins and 
continues according to the strength of the solution 
for some time. If after stoppage of the movement 
fresh water is added, the movement recommences. 
Light, while not so noticeable as the other fac- 
tors mentioned, causes a slight acceleration of 
movement of the protoplasm after the plant has 
been darkened for a considerable time. 
Also injury, if not too severe, may cause moye- 
ments to begin. AJl the conditions here mentioned 
have no effect unless the protoplasm is in a condi- 
tion for streaming. 
A Method for Preparing Stained Cells in Toto for 
the Study of Karyokinesis: ALBERT MANN, U.S. 
Department of Agriculture. 
A Comparison of the Somatic and the Reduction 
Divisions in Carex aquatilis: A. B. Stout, New 
York Botanical Garden. 
In Carex aquatilis the chromosomes can be 
identified as individuals in the resting nuclei in 
