182 
give his course of lectures on philosophy 
under the auspices of the Graduate School, 
and it is expected that he will continue to give 
at least one course to the undergraduates. 
Dr. Henry Louis Smiru, president of 
Davidson College, has been elected president 
of Washington and Lee University. 
Mr. H. R. Futon, associate professor of 
botany in the Pennsylvania State College, has 
been elected to the professorship of botany and 
vegetable pathology in North Carolina Col- 
lege of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. 
Brverty W. KUNKLE, now instructor in the 
Yale Sheffield Scientific School, has been ap- 
pointed to the chair of zoology at Beloit Col- 
lege to assume his duties in September. 
In Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Belle- 
vue, Quebec, the following have been ap- 
pointed to fill the positions named: Lecturer 
in Biology: W. P. Fraser, M.A., Pictou, N. S. 
Lecturer in Poultry and Poultry Management: 
M. A. Jull, B.S.A., at present Live Stock Com- 
missioner of the Province of British Columbia. 
Assistant in Animal Husbandry: W. J. Reid, 
B.S.A. Assistant in Biology: Peter I. Bryce. 
DISCUSSION AND, CORRESPONDENCE 
“ PHENOTYPE ” AND ‘“ CLONE ” 
In calling attention to the frequent misuse 
of the words “genotype” and “pure line,” 
Jennings says* that the word “ phenotype” 
“designates a group of organisms which in 
outward appearance seem to belong to one 
type, although in hereditary constitution they 
may actually differ greatly. Genotype, in 
Johannsen’s usage, is not directly contrasted 
with phenotype,” ete. 
As I have also used “ phenotype” with the 
meaning indicated by Jennings, I did not 
recognize the fundamental misconception in- 
volved in the quotation given above, when I 
wrote my note in response to the article from 
which this quotation is taken. My attention 
has been called to this point by Dr. Jo- 
hannsen, and it seems best to set the matter 
straight at once, in connection with the at- 
1 SCIENCE, December 15, 1911. 
? SCIENCE, January 5, 1912. 
SCIENCE 
[N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 892 
tempt made by Jennings and seconded by 
myself, to restrict to their original meanings, 
the other terms introduced by Johannsen. 
“Phenotype ” and “ genotype,” when both are 
rightly used, are contrasted terms, both be- 
ing abstractions referring to the type to 
which an individual or group of individuals 
belongs, and not to the group of individuals 
belonging to that type. To illustrate the use 
of “phenotype” in its correct sense, reference 
may be made to the F: of a Mendelian hybrid. 
When an F, hybrid whose genotypic constitu- 
tion may be represented by the formula, 
XXAaBb, is self-fertilized or crossed with 
another individual having the same formula, 
there will be possessed by different individuals 
among the offspring nine different genotypes, 
but only four different phenotypes. The nine 
genotypes may be represented by the formule: 
XXAABB, XXAABb, XXAaBB, XXAAbb, 
XXaaBB, XXAaBb, XX Aabb, XXaaBb and 
XXaabb. The four phenotypes may in similar 
manner be indicated by the formule: XAB, 
XAb, XaB and Xab. As the “ phenotype” 
is the “type of the phenomenon ”—the type 
of that which actually appears—there must 
always be as many distinguishable groups of 
individuals as there are phenotypes; hence, 
the readiness with which the word “ pheno- 
type ” has been misinterpreted and applied to 
the group of apparently equal individuals in- 
stead of the constitution or assemblage of 
characteristics with respect to which such a 
group of individuals is apparently homo- 
geneous. 
There is at present no satisfactory word 
universally applicable to all groups of indi- 
viduals possessing the same phenotype—the 
concept for which the word “phenotype” 
itself has been misused. The words “spe- 
cies” and “sub-species ” used by taxonomists 
are applicable, at least in some cases, to groups 
of such phenotypically equal individuals, but 
no one would think at present of applying 
either of these words to all the numerous 
slightly differentiated groups which the genet- 
icist is now able to distinguish and with which 
he is obliged to work. A short and appro- 
priate word for all such groups of individuals, 
