356 
type in our southwest is considerably restricted. 
The stone ruins ascribed to the ancient sedentary 
inhabitants of Arizona from the Upper Verde 
River west to the Colorado are not true pueblos. 
In this region there predominated massive stone 
forts of magnitude and fragile-walled houses with 
stone foundations, a duality everywhere evident. 
The indications are that both kinds of buildings 
were constructed and used simultaneously by the 
same people. The forts, situated on almost inac- 
cessible hill tops, were asylums for safety, and 
more perishable buildings on the river terraces 
were habitations near aboriginal farms. The great 
number of these forts on the western border of 
the pueblo region implies a great necessity for 
defense along the whole western border of Arizona 
and Sonora in Mexico. 
Dr. Fewkes gave a brief account of the different 
forts and terrace dwellings on the Upper Gila and 
its tributaries, Sycamore and Granite creeks, the 
Chino and Williamson valleys and Walnut Creek 
to the mouth of the Santa Maria and other tribu- 
taries of the Colorado, all examples cited substan- 
tially agreeing in the duality of architectural type 
and the absence of true pueblo structure. 
The simple construction of the forts and the 
rude character of the masonry made of undressed 
stone, without mortar, was referred to. Views of 
the remains of dwellings or rancherias on the river 
terraces were shown and commented upon. Ter- 
race sites indicated by rectangular and circular 
rows of stones and low mounds occur all along the 
Chino and Walnut valleys to Aztec Pass. These 
show no evidences of kivas or sacred rooms, or 
many-storied dwellings. The pottery found near 
them is rude, sometimes decorated; the pictog- 
raphy is characteristic; the people made extensive 
irrigation ditches. 
The most important forts mentioned were those 
on the Upper Verde, near del Chino, and on the 
limestone ridge west of Jerome Junction. Two 
important forts (one situated near the mouth of 
Walnut Creek and the other at Aztec Pass, the 
latter being the ‘‘pueblo’’ first described by 
Wheeler) were referred to by the speaker. Maps 
of the Walnut Creek region are defective, the 
most prominent elevation, Mount Hope, being 
wrongly located on some of the latest issued by 
the land office. Big Burro and other streams west 
of Aztec Pass have forts overlooking enormous 
canyons of great scenic interest. 
The geographical distribution of the forts and 
trincheras in western Arizona corresponds in a 
general way with the northern extension of the 
SCIENCE 
[N.S. Vou. XXXV. No. 896 
Yuma stock, according to Major Powell’s lin- 
guistie map. The country west of the Verde 
Valley in which the ruins oceur was peopled by 
Yavapai, Hualapai, Havasupai, and other Indians 
called by Cortez, Apaches. The Havasupai, who 
now live in the depths of the Cataract Canyon, and 
the Hualapai are said to have legends that their 
ancestors constructed some of the buildings con- 
sidered. The Hopi Indians dwelling in the pueblo 
Oraibi claim that certain of their clans came from 
the west and that they are of Yuma stock. The 
question of the kinship of the ancient builders is 
of interest to the physical anthropologist as well 
as to the linguist and student of culture history. 
As the Indians of the Yuman stock formerly 
extended to the Pacific, the possible kinship of the 
western neighbors of the pueblos to tribes of 
Southern California is significant. 
Dr. Ale3 Hrdlitka in discussion said that the 
results of the direct study of man himself in the 
region west of the pueblos agree in a large part 
with the conclusions arrived at by Dr. Fewkes, but 
in part they also differ. It is quite possible that 
the region about and west to southwest of the 
Aztec Pass was once occupied by either the 
Mohave or Yuma. The people against whom they 
had to defend themselves, however, were more prob- 
ably the Apaches. The Walapai and Suppai, who 
to-day speak the Mohave language, are physically 
Apache, and the same is true of the Yavapai. As 
the Apache type is a very distinct one, this con- 
clusion is quite definite. Both tribes contain, of 
course, some Mohave and probably also Pueblo 
admixture. 
Dr. Hrdlitka showed a series of views of special 
Suppai and Walapai huts which are related to those 
of the Apache but which are totally distinct from 
those of the Mohave and Yuma, and numerous 
types of men and women from the several tribes, 
showing great resemblance between the Walapai 
and Suppai and the Apache, while the Mohave 
resemble much more closely the pueblos. 
Mr. George Stetson then spoke on the Code of 
Hammurabi. His remarks showed how humani- 
tarian the code was, and what an advance it was 
on Roman law in several respects, though ante- 
dating the latter by centuries. The speaker also 
demonstrated how the laws of various states of 
the union and certain foreign nations might well 
be advantageously amended on the lines of the 
code under discussion. 
TRUMAN MICHELSON, 
Secretary 
