AprRIL 19, 1912] 
or their widows. A fund of $2,500,000 taken 
from the $10,000,000 Rockefeller gift of 1910 
has been set aside for this purpose. This pen- 
sion system will grant to men who have at- 
tained the rank of assistant professor or higher, 
and who have reached the age of 65 and have 
served 15 years or more in the institution, 40 
per cent. of their salary and an additional 2 
per cent. for each year’s service over 15. The 
plan also provides that at the age of 70 a man 
shall be retired unless the board of trustees 
specially continues his services. The widow 
of any professor entitled to the retiring allow- 
ance shall receive one half the amount due 
him, provided she has been his wife for ten 
years. 
Miss Rosa Morrison, for nearly forty years 
superintendent of women students of Univer- 
sity College, London, has bequeathed $20,000 
to the college to establish scholarships in Eng- 
lish and German. 
Tue thirty-eighth annual commencement 
of the Colorado School of Mines will be held 
on May 24, when fifty-two graduates will re- 
ceive their degrees. The address of the day 
will be given by Mr. William Lawrence 
Saunders, of New York, president of the 
Ingersoll-Rand Company. 
Dr. E. I. Werser, assistant in anatomy at 
the Johns Hopkins University, has been ap- 
pointed instructor in anatomy at the Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin. 
Dr. Durant Drake, of the University of 
Illinois, has been appointed associate pro- 
fessor of philosophy at Wesleyan University. 
Dr. James A. Bassirt has been promoted 
to professor of hygiene and physical education 
at Haverford College. 
Mr. ©. M. Gittespim, of Yorkshire College, 
has been appointed to a newly established pro- 
fessorship of philosophy at Leads. 
DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE 
A DEFENCE OF THE “ NEW PHRENOLOGY ” 
AuTHoucH I am not a partisan of the travel- 
ing phrenologist, I am a believer in cerebral 
localization or, putting it in more general 
SCIENCE 
619 
form, in the localization of functions in the 
central nervous system. Jf we must make a 
choice between phrenology (supposing for the 
moment that phrenology is equivalent to lo- 
ealization of function), and the conception 
that mental processes are something tran- 
scending cerebral organization and cellular 
processes, then I am a phrenologist. It is 
evidently in this latter sense of localization 
that Professor Franz’ uses the term “new 
phrenology.” 
It is true that Marie and von Monakow 
have shown that certain of the more or less 
current conceptions of focal or insular repre- 
sentation of cerebral function, particularly 
those concerning the speech center. are no 
longer tenable, but neither Marie nor von 
Monakow has denied that certain definite 
fibers arise from definite circumscribed areas 
of cells in the cerebral cortex and run to cer- 
tain definite end stations. Indeed, no point of 
nervous anatomy or physiology seems better 
established than this. And stimulation of a 
definite, circumscribed area of the cerebral 
motor cortex of any one animal always elicits 
a response of a definite group of muscles, and 
never of any other groups. This definite, cir- 
cumscribed cell area constitutes the focal or 
insular motor representation in the cerebral 
motor cortex of this particular group of 
muscles. Such a circumscribed area, fre- 
quently marked off from surrounding cells by 
a boundary of non-nervous tissue, is com- 
monly known as a motor center. 
It would however be an error to suppose that 
this group of cells is an isolated group. It has, 
through afferent association neurones, connec- 
tions with practically every portion of the 
cerebral hemisphere of the same side; through 
commissural neurones, with practically every 
portion of the opposite side, and through 
afferent projection neurones, it is brought 
into relation, directly or indirectly, with the 
cerebellum, spinal cord and other structures. 
The circumscribed area of cells thus becomes 
a part of an extremely complex and extensive 
motor system, but in such participation it 
1 ScIENCE, 1912, N. 8., XXXYV., p. 321. 
