670 
tral Africa to the West Indies and the highlands 
of South and Central America (including the 
Galapagos Islands); (3) a South Sea Island land 
bounded by Formosa (Taiwan), southern Japan, 
the Hawaiian and Marquesas Islands, New Zea- 
land, New Caledonia and the Lesser Sunda Islands 
(but not New Guinea), possibly including Java, 
Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, the Philippine Islands, 
and the Malayan region; (4) a large Australian 
continent including Australia, New Guinea and 
the Aru Islands (but not the Ki Islands nor the 
islands further west or north); (5) a connection 
between southern Australia and the Magellanic 
Tegion; and (6) a very broad strait including the 
entire Behring Sea and the adjacent Arctic Ocean 
as far at least as Wrangel Island and the New 
Siberian Islands. 1 and 2 became disintegrated 
and disappeared at a very early date, probably 
long before the existence of man; 3 became sub- 
merged, first on the eastern border, very early, 
also probably before the existence of man; 5 dis- 
appeared very early, but persisted late enough so 
that much of the southern South American fauna 
entered that continent from Australia by means 
of it; it is possible that man also entered South 
America along this path and later entirely lost 
his Australian character through amalgamation 
with the true American stock from the north; this 
would. account for certain Australian character- 
istics found among the Fuegians; 6 persisted long 
after man inhabited eastern Asia; it was thus 
probably the path by which man entered America. 
The People of Sandao-a: HuLIzABETH H. METCALF. 
In the extreme southern part of Mindanao, the 
most southern and largest of the Philippine 
Islands, on the foothills of the beautiful volcano 
which the Spaniards eall ‘‘Apo’’ (The Grand- 
father), live the Bagobos, a pagan tribe of high 
mentality, docile natures, spectacular in dress, and 
in some respects very primitive. They call the 
voleano ‘‘Sandao-a’’ (pronounced Sandowa), 
‘*The Sulphurous One.’’? These Bagobos are a 
mountain people, and to a certain extent nomadic. 
They understand only the cultivation of mountain 
rice; and as this necessitates the cutting of a new 
bit of forest each year for their rice plantation, 
they are likely to move also each year into the 
vicinity of the new rice field. Recently they have 
been brought together into villages by government 
order. Although the American arrangement of 
the tribal wards somewhat curtails the pelitical 
power of the present head Dato, he is still highly 
esteemed by both natives and Americans. 
SCIENCE 
[N.S. Von. XXXV. No. 904 
Formerly the wealth of the people was in slaves, 
animals, aguns and fine clothes. The days of 
slavery are past; the aguns, or big gongs, they still 
possess. These are their most important musical 
instruments; and the magnificence of tone coloring 
of many large gongs played together is quite in- 
describable. The Bagobos have other instruments 
of percussion, wind and strings, but these large 
gongs are also for them their medium of exchange, 
and a man’s wealth is usually reckoned by the 
number of gongs he possesses. 
Their clothes are made from hemp fiber, which 
the people weave into a cloth, unique in manufac- 
ture, and which lends itself admirably to the 
artistic fashion of ornamentation employed by 
these people. Of the old embroidery of cross- 
stitch on coarse Chinese cotton cloth, which the 
women understood fifty or more years ago, there 
are still a few samples to be found; but the 
present style of ornamentation consists of an ap- 
plique in various forms of bright-colored cloth, of 
embroidery, of beads and tiny pearl disks sewn on 
in designs. The beads the people purchase from 
the Chinese merchants, the pearl disks are made 
from shells, found farther back in the mountains 
by another tribe living there. 
The houses are always built up from the ground 
—sometimes of bamboo prepared in various ways, 
sometimes with the frame of wood with the leaves 
of certain trees laid on thickly for the roof and 
more openly for the sides. The entrance to the 
house is by a notched stick or by a ladder, and 
the furniture is exceedingly simple. A peculiar 
feature, especially of the houses of the aristocrats, 
is the different floor levels. At the extreme end 
of the house, opposite the door, the floor is often 
raised from 6 inches to 3 feet and the whole width 
of the house. This place is for guests and for the 
heads of the family. I have seen a house of an 
important old Dato with three floor levels; on the 
highest level only the old Dato and his wife and 
such persons as they might bid, could come. 
The fireplace is usually near the door, , with 
bamboo tubes of water standing on end nearby; 
the better class have bamboo frames of various 
kinds for holding dishes, and always in its proper 
place in every house, even the poorest, is the 
‘«Tambara,’’ the little bowl containing the usual 
offerings, the simplest form of house altar. The 
greatest of their altars, the ‘‘Pat-a-non,’’ or war 
altar, is also a house altar. The erection of this 
altar is allowed to only a very few high Datos 
and is connected with their most important fes- 
