672 
ginning of most of the stories in which he plays 
the chief réle; tsindgé, ‘‘he starts off,’’ ‘“he sets 
out,’’ is another initial formula of frequent occur- 
rence in the animal-tales. The word Kausak’ainé 
signifies ‘‘he is at,’’ ‘‘he stays,’’ ‘‘he stops,’’ 
‘the is there,’’ ‘‘he is.’? Such beginnings are 
Konitlaing, “he is in his house,’’ ‘‘he is at 
home,’’ and Kaktlinim’né, ‘‘there is a village,’’ 
are quite picturesque. Often there is no terminal 
formula in Kutenai stories. A common term, how- 
ever, is. taqas, ‘‘ended,’’ ‘‘enough,’’ ‘‘done,’’ 
‘¢finished.’? The phrase tlatléné, ‘‘there is no 
more,’’ also occurs. The terminal Kapét, used by 
some of the Indians, seems to be the Kopéet of the 
Chinook Jargon, modified by supposed derivation 
from Kutenai K’apé, ‘‘all.’’ 
The Allentiacan Linguistic Stock: ALEXANDER F. 
CHAMBERLAIN. 
All the evidence in hand indicates that the 
language (extinct in the eighteenth century; repre- 
sented by the ‘‘Grammar and Vocabulary’’ of de 
Valdivia, published in 1607 and 1608, reprinted 
in 1894 by Medina) of the Allentiacs or Huarpes 
forms an independent linguistic stock, the Allen- 
tiacan, as it may be called. The Allentiacs, ac- 
cording to Boman, were quite a savage people and 
unrelated to the tribes of the Andean valleys. 
This Argentinian people inhabited, at the time of 
the Spanish conquest, the plains about the great 
lagunes of Huanacache, extending probably to the 
western slopes of the Sierra de Cordoba, and 
southward to the northern parts of San Luis and 
Mendoza. The Allentiac linguistic material has 
been discussed by de la Grasserie (1900) and 
Mitre (1894 and 1909). 
The Bororoan Linguistic Stock: ALEXANDER F, 
CHAMBERLAIN. 
There can be no doubt of the status of the 
language of the Bororé Indians of Central Matto 
Grosso (Brazil) as an independent stock, as sug- 
gested by von den Steinen as early as 1886, or a 
little before that. Brinton in his ‘‘American 
Race’’ (1891) failed to recognize this, or had not 
noticed von den Steinen’s statement, and classed 
them incorrectly as Tupian. It was only in 1888, 
as a result of the second Xingi expedition, that 
the identity of the so-called ‘‘Coroados’’ branch 
of the stock with the genuine old Bororo was es- 
tablished. Conflicts with the whites have sadly 
reduced the numbers of the Bororé. Their char- 
acteristic area, as defined by Frié (1906), is ‘‘the 
entire course of the S. Lourenco river as far as its 
SCIENCE 
[N.S. VoL. XXXV. No. 904 
union with the Cuyaba, where they come into con- 
tact with the Guato.’’? Further north they occupy 
‘“both banks of the Araguaya right across the 
road that leads from Cuyaba to Goyaz.’’ In the 
first half of the eighteenth century these Indians 
roved about the region of the Xingi-Araguay 
watershed in central Matto Grosso. Later on, the 
so-called ‘‘Borror6 do Cabagal’’ settled on the 
upper Paraguay. The vocabulary of 360, words, 
given by von den Steinen, in his ‘‘Unter den 
Naturvolkern Zentral-Brasiliens’’ (1894) is the 
most useful linguistic material of the Bororoan 
stock. Other vocabularies are given by Caldas 
(1899) and Frié and Radin (1906)—the last print 
also a vocabulary from Boggiani. 
The Calchaquian Linguistic Stock: ALEXANDER F. 
CHAMBERLAIN. 
The character of the Calchaquian language and 
the extent of the area over which it prevailed have 
been the subject of much discussion and dispute. 
Some have held that the Calchaqui, Catamareiio, 
or Cacana tongue was nothing more nor less than 
a dialect or patois of Onechua, spoken in Tucu- 
man, ete. Others seek to connect it with Aymara, 
Atacamefian, etc. The Calchaquis may have been 
a mixed people, as Lafone-Quevedo and Ehren- 
reich maintain. But there was an essential Cal- 
chaquian (or Diaguitan, as Boman prefers to call 
it) culture, and with it went a language, which 
was still spoken in the seventeenth century, and, 
from all appearances, seems to have been an inde- 
pendent form of speech, deserving rank as a lin- 
guistic stock. Boman (1908) failed to find any 
trace of the existence in Paris of the grammar 
and vocabulary of Calchaqui said to have been 
written by the Jesuit missionary Alonso de Bar- 
zuna (or Barcena) in the sixteenth century. The 
Calchaquian linguistie data consist of place-names, 
ete., discussed, e. g., by Lafone-Quevedo, in his 
‘¢Tesor de Catamarquenismos’’ (1898). At its 
greatest extent the Calchaquian (rather than 
Catamarcan or Diaguitan) stock may be said to 
have occupied a territory of varying breadth, be- 
tween about 23° 30’ and 32° 30’ S. lat. For the 
archeology of this region much knowledge is due 
to the researches of Ambrosetti, his colleagues and 
students. 
Recent Opinion as to the Position of the American 
Indians among the Races of Man: ALEXANDER 
F. CHAMBERLAIN. 
The author discussed briefly the various theories 
in the light of the scientific literature of the past 
