May 10, 1912] 
the customary answers, “ Don,’ “Hunger?” 
“ Haben haben,’ “Kuchen,’ ete., of which 
however only two out of sixteen answers were 
intelligible. Of 168 answers preserved on 
phonograph records, 71 per cent. were disyl- 
labic and of the monosyllabic noises 68 per 
cent. were given when a considerable pause 
had elapsed between the last answer and this 
question. The “answers” were really incor- 
rect fully as often as otherwise. JDisinter- 
ested hearers could seldom distinguish his 
“Hunger” from his “Haben,’ nor his 
“ Ruhe” from his “ Kuchen,’ ete. It was as 
easy for others to perceive some of these same 
sounds as “Hngelhopf” or “ Hallelujah”; 
“Huhn” or “Honig.” Here it seems to the 
author we have a case quite parallel with our 
common interpretation of the night-swallow’s 
eall as ‘“ Whip-poor-Will” when in fact the 
sounds are nearly “Pfif-ah-rih”; and with 
the common German interpretation of their 
Steinkanz’s “Kuwitt” or “Kuwiff” as 
“Komm mit,’ thus making him in popular 
superstition the messenger of death. But for 
a strong and uninhibited tendency thus to 
“ apperceive ” them, neither these calls nor the 
“words ” of Don would be taken as other than 
meaningless noises. 
On psychological grounds, Mr. Pfungst con- 
cludes, the explanation is comparatively 
simple; the uncritical do not make the effort 
to discriminate between what is actually given 
in perception and what is merely associated 
imagery, which otherwise gives to the per- 
ception a meaning wholly unwarranted; and 
they habitually ignore the important part 
which suggestion always plays in ordinary 
situations. 
Accepting this explanation as satisfactory 
we may expect the majority of animal lovers 
to continue to read their own mental proc- 
esses into the behavior of their pets. Nor 
need we be astonished if even scientists of a 
certain class continue at intervals to proclaim 
that they have completely demonstrated the 
presence in lower animals of “ intelligent 
imitation” and of other extremely compli- 
cated mental processes—inferred from the 
results of brief and lamentably superficial 
SCIENCE 
751 
tests, and published as proven facts without 
further reflection. 
Harry Mines JOHNSON 
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 
FOURTH LIST OF GENERIC NAMES FOR 
THE ‘‘OFFICIAL LIST OF ZOOLOGICAL 
NAMES,’’ PROVIDED FOR BY THE 
GRAZ CONGRESS 
15.1 The following generic names of Dip- 
tera are proposed for inclusion in the “ Offi- 
cial List of Generic Names.” The species 
mentioned are the correct types, according to 
Coquillett, 1910. 
Anopheles Meig., 1818, 10, type bifurcatus. 
Anthomyia Meig., 1803, 281, type Musca pluvialis. 
Chrysops Meig., 1800, 23, type ca@cutiens. 
Corethra Meig., 1803, 260, type Tipula culiciformis. 
Culex Linn., 1758a, 602, type pipiens. 
Cuterebra Clark, 1815, 70 type Gstrus cuniculi. 
Gasterophilus Leach, 1817, 2, type Gstrus intes- 
tinalis (cf. G. equt). 
Hematobia St: Farg. & Serv., 1828, 499, type Con- 
ops trritans. 
Hippelates Loew, 1863, 36, type plebejus. 
Hippobosca Linn., 1758a, 607, type equina. 
Hypoderma Uatr., 1818, 272, type Wstrus bovis. 
Lucilia Desy., 1830, 452, type Musca cesar. 
Musca Linn., 1758a, 589, type domestica. 
Muscina Desy., 1830, 406, type stabulans. 
Nycteribia Latr., 1796, 176, type Pediculus vesper- 
tilionis. 
Gstrus Linn., 1758a, 584, type ovis. 
Ophyra Desv., 1830, 516, type Anthomyia leucos- 
toma. 
Phora Latr., 1796, 169, type Musca aterrima. 
Piophila Fall., 1810, 20, type Musca casei. 
Psorophora Desv., 1827, 412, type Culex ciliatus. 
Sarcophaga Meig., 1826, 14, type Musca carnaria. 
Stegomyia Theob., 1901, 234, type Culex calopus. 
Stomoxzys Geoffr., 1762, 538, type Conops calcitrans. 
Tabanus Linn., 1758a, 601, type bovinus. 
Tipula Linn., 1758a, 585, type oleracea. 
16. The following generic names of Diptera 
are proposed for exclusion from the “ Official 
List,” on the ground that they are absolute 
homonyms and preoccupied. 
Acanthina Wiedem., 1830, not Fisch., 1806. 
Allocotus Loew, 1872, not Mayr, 1864. 
Ammobates Stann., 1831, not Latr., 1809. 
1Paragraphs are numbered continuously with 
the earlier lists. 
