SEPTEMBER 13, 1918] 
being done to study the Indians and their pe- 
culiar abilities in weaving, handicrafts, mason- 
work, irrigation and other directions for the 
sake of adapting them to modern requirements. 
For one thing, I believe that the Andean 
countries are capable of becoming leaders in 
the production of cattle and sheep. The pres- 
ent stock, however, requires to be improved by 
new blood. Then too, the native wool-yielding 
animals, the llama, alpaca and vicufia, should 
be studied and taken care of. For all this the 
highland Indians supply the necessary labor 
element. If shaken loose from their alcoholism 
and their resultant depraved ways, and if 
given decent living conditions, they would 
rapidly become fine sturdy peasants equal in 
capacity and intelligence to the peasants of 
Switzerland. So many travelers and super- 
ficial observers who have not lived among 
these people or who have not observed them 
with sympathetic eyes have told the world that 
their condition is hopeless that many people 
now believe it is so. I am sure, however, that, 
given proper aid now, the Indian mountaineers 
could be lifted into the state which I have 
mentioned. 
To conclude I will present several reasons 
for the necessity of anthropologists’ doing 
what they can to aid in race-appreciation, 
especially as regards the countries under con- 
sideration. 
1. The indigenous element, more or less 
pure, forms so large a part of the entire pop- 
ulation that it is positively dangerous not to 
develop to the utmost all its latent capabilities. 
Tf this is not done these countries will find 
themselves weighed down with an enormous 
element which is not merely economically 
underproductive, but which is really vicious 
and seditious, productive of all manner of 
social evils, the result of four centuries of 
bad treatment by white men. 
2. If race-appreciation is seriously institu- 
ted, the countries where it takes effect will 
find that their commercial output will in- 
crease rapidly on account of the increased 
mental and physical vitality of the great 
majority of the people. The population will 
not only grow fast because of the cutting 
SCIENCE 
259 
down of the death-rate, but those who live will 
work better and will be stronger and happier 
than their forebears of the days since the 
Conquest. 
3. If steps are taken by the various owners 
of large landed estates in the Latin American 
countries under consideration to learn about 
the Indian or labor element of their tenantry, 
either from professional anthropologists and 
ethnologists or from their own observations, 
and if they will seriously undertake the re- 
forms that may be found necessary, the result 
may be that salutary one of showing the world 
that it is possible for distinct classes to work 
together in harmony and without constant 
irritation and recriminations. 
4, On account of natural conditions in- 
volved in the climate and geography of the 
countries under discussion European immigra- 
tion on a large scale will never take place. 
Indeed, there is a general apprehension in 
those parts that the small supply of mechanics 
and other specialists who hitherto have come 
from Europe and North America will, on ac- 
count of war- and post-war conditions, pres- 
ently cease to be available. It is obvious, 
therefore, that if those countries wish to pro- 
gress according to modern standards they will 
either have to try the rather perilous experi- 
ment of importing large numbers of Orientals 
and Pacific Islanders, or they will have to take 
immediate steps toward bringing their present 
population to as high a level of development 
as possible. This can only be done in ac- 
cordance with the principles of race-apprecia- 
tion. It should be done soon. 
Although I have been speaking of America 
especially, I wish to remark before concluding 
this brief sketch that race-appreciation may be 
said to be needed in every country where the 
white race has imposed its dominion upon 
some other race with a more or less vigorous 
cultural character of its own. The British, in 
India, Burmah and other colonies of theirs 
have been, half unconsciously, following these 
principles for decades. That explains their 
success. The same may be said of the French 
in Annam, Morocco and Algeria. It is ob- 
