382 
of providing chemists for all branches of the 
government and assisting in the procuring of 
chemists for industries essential to the success 
of the war and government.” 
It has an authorized personnel of 45,000, of 
which any portion may be chemists jf needed. 
At present there are approximately 1,400 
graduate chemists in the Chemical Warfare 
Service. 
B. Ordnance Department 
(a) Engineering Division, Explosive Sec- 
tion—Under the direction of Colonel J. P. 
Harris, this division has ten commissioned 
and six civilian chemists. This section con- 
cerns itself with the solution of all engineer- 
ing problems connected with propellants, the 
loading of high explosives into shells, trench 
warfare containers, primers, the research in 
high explosives, the investigation of explosives 
submitted for testing, efficiency of methods 
of manufacture and the carrying out of tests 
for developing substitutes. 
(b) Procurement Division, Raw Materials 
Section—The Chemical Branch of this di- 
vision under the direction of Major W. H. 
Gelshenen utilizes the services of five officers 
whose experience has been chiefly on the com- 
mercial side of chemical industry. 
(c) Inspection Division, Explosive Section. 
—The chemical work of this division is under 
the direction of Major Geo. B. Frankforter, 
who has a personnel of somewhat more than 
1,000 chemists under his direction. Major 
Moses Gomberg is supervisor of special process 
work. The chemists are divided into three 
grades—“ inspectors” who are responsible for 
all powders meeting specifications; “ analytical 
chemists” who analyze and test all powders 
and report results to inspectors; “linemen” 
who are control chemists having charge of 
certain steps in the process of manufacture. 
These chemists are employed throughout the 
United States at explosive plants, chiefly in- 
specting processes of manufacture and the 
finished product. The section maintains an 
officers’ training school at Carney’s Point for 
training for inspection, testing and process 
control of explosives. Graduates of the school 
are, in a few instances, commissioned; other- 
SCIENCE 
[N. 8. Vou. XLVIII. No. 1242 
wise they are retained in a civilian capacity. 
There is a tendency to place all men in uni- 
form as rapidly as possible. There has been 
such a demand for chemists that most of them 
have not finished the training before being 
given experience in the plants, so that they are 
obtaining their training and experience at the 
same time, with the expectation of returning 
to the school for more theoretical work before 
graduation. 
The school at present has 150 chemists 
taking training with from six to ten instruct- 
ors. The training consists of an extensive re- 
view of organic and inorganic chemistry, chem- 
ical engineering, including mechanics and 
plant operations; also a review of physics and 
a special study of the chemistry of explosives 
both in the laboratory and in the plant. The 
school has good laboratory facilities and a 
school day of ten hours. Civilians who are 
taken into the school are paid at the rate of 
$1,500 to $2,000 from the time they enter. 
Recently a supervisory and control labora- 
tory with 20 chemists has been established in 
Philadelphia for the purpose of making con- 
trol analyses and investigating certain prob- 
lems having to do with the inspection of ex- 
plosives. 
(d) Inspection Division, Metallurgical Sec- 
tion—This ‘division employs 79 chemists, 23 
being in uniform. The work is in charge of 
Major A. E. White, and laboratories are main- 
tained at 25 of the leading steel plants of the 
country, with the central control laboratories 
in the buildings of the Bureau of Mines at 
Pittsburgh. Also, two chemists are working 
in the laboratories of the Bureau of Standards 
for this branch of the service. With the ex- 
ception of the central control laboratory and 
the work at standards, the work of this section 
consists chiefly of the analyses and control of 
ferrous products. 
(e) Production Division: (1) Explosive Sec- 
tion; (2) Raw Materials Section—This work 
is under the direction of Major E. Moxham, 
with Major C. F. Backus in charge of the Ex- 
plosives Section and Major M. 8. Falk in 
charge of the Raw Materials Section. The 
section numbers among its personnel 18 chem- 
