448 
However, when the grains are milled, the re- 
sulting flour used as human food and the 
offals given to cattle and sheep, then between 
56 and 81 per cent. of the energy in the grain 
is recovered as food for human beings, whereas 
when the same offals are given to pigs and 
dairy cows between 60 and 85 per cent. of the 
energy is so recovered. It is evident that food 
is best conserved for man when edible grains 
are taken to the miller and the bran is used 
in meat production. Armsby shows that there 
is a considerable loss of energy in the food 
when barley is used in brewing and corn or 
rye in distilling. If one assumes that alcohol 
is without food value, then the waste is very 
large even though the brewers’ and distillers’ 
grains are used as fodder for pigs or dairy 
cows. The details given in the book are of 
greatest interest to those conversant with the 
food situation as a whole. 
GraHam Lusk 
THE FLORA OF NORTH DAKOTA 
Less than twenty years ago the first cata- 
logue of the vascular plants of North Dakota 
was published.1 Now we have a revision of 
the list in the form of a flora? which follows 
the plan of the well known floras of Colorado 
and of Washington. The introductory portion 
(pp. 151-174) contains a review of botanical 
collections in the state (3 pages), physiog- 
raphy of the state (6 pages), types of vegeta- 
tion and their distribution (7 pages), and of 
plant classification with chart showing the 
evolution and relationship of families: The 
main portion contains keys to families, genera 
and species with citations of specimens and 
notes on habitat. For many species additional 
notes referring especially to variation of the 
species and its resemblance to others are given. 
1 Bolley, H. L., and Waldron, L. R., ‘‘A Pre- 
liminary List of Seed-bearing Plants of North Da- 
kota,’’ Bul. No. 46, N. D. Exp. Station, 1900. 
2 Bergman, Herbert F., ‘‘Flora of North Da- 
kota,’’ Sixth Biennial Report, Agr. College Survey 
of N. D., pp. 151-372, 1911-1912 (pub. September, 
1918), The Bismarck Tribune, State Printers. The 
complete report of flora only may be obtained from 
Herbert A. Hard, Fargo, N. D. Postage 20c. Re- 
port in cloth 25c. : 
SCIENCE 
[N. 8. Vou. XLVIII. No. 1244 
These form one of the most valuable portions 
of the work. A glossary and index follow. A 
report by the same author on the plants of 
Barnes County is included in the same volume, 
The arrangement of families is that of the 
Bessey system and the nomenclature is said 
to be in accordance with the Philadelphia 
eode. A conservative stand is taken in regard 
to species and genera recognized. Synonyms 
are used freely and the reasons for reduction 
of segregates are stated in most cases. 
Typographical errors seem to be few but 
one feature of the press work is particularly 
unfortunate. The generic and specific names 
in the keys are placed beyond the body of the 
text at the expense of the margin, especially 
that of the left hand side of the page. Italics 
are used for these names and small capitals 
for the generic headings, otherwise there is no 
distinction in type. 
North Dakota is to be congratulated upon 
the completion of a work of as high standard 
as this. The simplicity of the keys, the glos- 
sary, introduction and descriptive notes will 
contribute much to its value to the people of 
the state. Notes on the flowering period 
would have been a valuable addition. Botan- 
ists will be especially interested on account of 
the geographical position of the state, situated 
as it is in territory not entirely covered by 
either eastern or Rocky Mountain manuals. 
The introduction of Clement’s flower chart 
is an excellent feature. Compared with the 
one in Clement’s “ Rocky Mountain Flowers ” 
it seems to have been considerably improved 
by substituting simple symbols for the struc- 
tural formule and especially by adding apeta- 
lous families and methods of pollination. 
The writer of this review wishes to state 
that he has in preparation and hopes to pub- 
lish shortly a paper which will bring together 
additional records accumulated since the close 
of Mr. Bergman’s work with such other notes 
as seem worthy of inclusion. 
A catalogue® of the plants of the state has 
3 Lunell, J., ‘‘Enumerantur Plante Dakote Sep- 
tentrionalis Vasculares,’’ Am. Mid. Nat., Vol. 4-5, 
July, 1915-July, 1917 (reprints paged 33 to 188; 
first 32 blank). 
