410 DR. F. LEUTHNER ON THE ODONTOLABINI. 
The parallel species known to me are as follows :— 
Odontolabis. Neolucanus. Locality. 
1. 0. siva (P1. LXXXVI. figs. 5, 6). NV. lama (Pl. LXXXYV. figs. 14, 15). N. India. 
2. O. sinensis (Pl. XCI. fig. 3). NV. pallescens (Pl. LXXXYV. fig. 2). China. 
; N. marginatus (Pl. LXXXYV. fig. 3). N. India. 
3 ANEieer EL SEOL EO: { NV. parryi (Pl. LXXXV. fig. 4). Sian and Cui 
But as it can hardly be supposed that it would be advantageous for Neolucanus to 
mimic in form and colour Odontolabis (with its much more strongly developed mandibles) 
in order to repel insectivorous foes, we are obliged to look for another explanation, 
and to recognize in their great resemblance a proof of their common origin (comp. 
pp. 482-83). 
(i.) Group of O. alces. 
The fact that so eminent an entomologist as Prof. Burmeister united 0. siva, 0. 
bellicosus, and O. alces, clearly suggests that these three species are closely related. 
Map I.—Map of the Indo-Malayan Region, showing the Distribution of the Species 
allied to Odontolabis alces and O. stevensi. 
=, 
= 
ie cone) : 
=> 2 aa 
1. O. siva, Hope.; a. O. gracilis, Kaup (Nias); 3. O. dalmani, Hope; c. O. celebensis, Lansb. 2. O. bellicosus, 
Cast. 3. O. alces, Fabr. 4. O. camelus, Oliv. 5. O. stevensi, Thoms. 6. O. duiyenbodii, Deyr. 
Although 0. siva (1) occurs without any important modifications in North India, China, 
and Formosa; Nias (a), Sumatra and Borneo (B), Celebes (c), Java (2), and Luzon (3) all 
possess their own characteristic species, which undoubtedly originated from a conti- 
nental species, which was gradually modified into distinct species in these islands through 
isolation. This appears very probable both from the great similarity of the females 
