482 DR, F. LEUTHNER ON THE ODONTOLABINI. 
Lucanide in the most isolated islands', and made suggestions respecting the sources 
from whence they may have been derived. 
As regards the subfamilies of the Lucanide, the Lucanini are met with in Europe, 
Asia, and North America, and the Cladognathini are found in Africa and Asia, and 
have even some representatives in South America. But the Odontolabini have a more 
restricted range, being confined to South-eastern Asia, the species mostly inhabiting 
the Indian or Oriental Region. Nevertheless they extend northwards to about 35°, 
and their range is not limited by the Straits of Macassar, for they extend from the 
Philippines to Celebes and Sangir. They appear, however, to be absent from the 
smaller islands which lie to the east of Java and Celebes, and which have been well 
explored by Dutch, English, and German entomological collectors. 
The genus Odontolabis is the most widely distributed. Its species are met with in 
India (five species), from the southern slopes of the Himalayas to Ceylon; in Further 
India and China as far as the Yellow River (four species); and passing down the 
long peninsula of Malacca they extend to Sumatra and Java on the one side and on the 
other to Borneo, Celebes, and the Philippines. No less than twenty-one species 
(besides several varieties) are met with in the various islands. 
Neolucanus preponderates in China? and Further India (seven species). It is also 
represented on the southern slope of the Himalayas (three species) and in Malacca 
(one species), while there are only four insular species. It is remarkable that the species 
in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo are very small, and that in two of them (XW. laticollis and 
NV. muntjac, Gestro) the mandibles of the male are so little differentiated that they are 
not even forked at the tip. The genus is wholly absent from the other islands, as well 
as from the greater part of India, and Ceylon. 
As several forms of Lucanide are met with in Tertiary deposits *, it is probable that 
the present distribution of the Odontolabini may have been influenced by the distribu- 
tion of land and water during that period. 
The development of the mandibles in the male in the species of Neolucanus shows 
that this genus is lower than Odontolabis, which may have been gradually differentiated 
from it. This seems to be confirmed by Tertiary geography. The districts of Further 
India and China, where they are still most numerous, formed part of the mainland in 
Tertiary times, while the Himalayas and the greater part of Northern India were still 
under the sea. Their scanty representation in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo is likewise 
! Wallace, Island Life, p. 305. * And Formosa. 
% The following fossil Lucanide are known to me :— 
1. Platycerus, sp., Pictet, Traité de Paléontologie, vol. ii. p. 320. 
2. Paleognathus succinifer, Waga, Annales de la Soc. Entom. de France (6) iii. pp. 191-194, pl. vii. no, 2. 
Both the above from amber. 
3. Doreus (Eurytrachelus) primigenius, Deichmiiller, Verhandl. Leop. Carol. Akad. xlii, p. 303, pl. xxi. 
fig. 1, a, b. 
