ALL AROUM) THE BA Y OF PASSAMAQUODDY 17 



sinks down, forming a depression, and tlien rises as a knoll or 

 rounded hillock or hill hetbre it plunges its rock}' face abruptly 

 into the ocean. These formations, appropriately termed heads or 

 headlnnch, are frequent all around Passamaquoddy hay, Canipo- 

 l)ello island, Cohscook bay, and in many other sections of the 

 Maine and New Brunswick coasts. Beaches filled with coarse 

 gravel, the detritus of the rocky shores, form the transitoi'y stage 

 between the headlands and the more level promontories ov points. 

 Not infrequcntl\' one headland succeeds another in a line before 

 reaching the water, and even after reaching the shore the}' reap- 

 pear, jutting out from the briny element, two or three in suc- 

 cession, and lying in one continuous file. This I have observed, 

 e. (/., on the north shore of Cobscook ba}^ west of i{lastport, 

 ]N[aine. Campo))ello island, New Brunswick, is 'rej)lete with 

 *' heads " on its far-extending shores, the island being eleven 

 miles long from north to south ; thus we have Bald head, Wilson 

 head, East Quoddy head. Friar's head. Head harbor — whereas 

 tiie term " point," less frequent there, appears in more numerous 

 instances on the Avest side of the bay and up the St Croix river. 



Two large whirlpools^ perceptible in the channel of the St Croix 

 river, are objects of great curiosity to the strangers visiting these 

 parts. One of them occurs between Moose island and the southern 

 end of Deer island, New Brunswick ; the other, of minor propor- 

 tions, lies two miles above, the river being over one mile wide at 

 each place. They are carefull}' avoided by people i)assing, either 

 in a white man's boat or in the Indians' canoe, for, like Charybdis 

 of old, they are liable to ca[)size any small craft that ventures to 

 come too near. They owe their existence not exclusively to the 

 shock produced by the imi)act of the currents from the bay meet- 

 ing those of the river, but also to the incoming tides and to a 

 difference of temperature between the two bodies of water. 



The air temperature is generally low on the bay and around 

 it. Winter begins in October, and even at midsummer persons 

 who are not provided with warm clothing will often feel a chill 

 pervading their system when a sudden breeze breaks in from the 

 north or a thick fog stays till noontime over the ever-moving 

 waters. The weather is generally serene throughout the year, 

 but nevertheless morning fogs are of frequent occurrence. 



The Canadian Pacific is the only railroad company that brings 

 visitors to the hospitable shores of Passamaquoddy bay, but there 

 are numerous steamboats plying between St Andrews, St Ste- 

 phen, Calais, and Kasti)ortand the neighboring cities of St Johns, 



2 



