THE FORESTS AND DESERTS OF ARIZONA 205 



and purchase negotiated by the then Minister to Mexico, Jjuues 

 Gadsden, in 18o4, for the pur[)ose of ohtainin-,' a suitable route 

 for a southern Pacific raih'oad, tiie price paid for the hitter por- 

 tion being $10,000,000. 



Spanish development was confined entirely to the lower por- 

 tions, and consisted mainly in the estal)lisliment of missions to 

 convert the agricultural Indians, and in the location of presidios 

 at Tucson and Tubac to protect the missions and the few haei- 

 endas and silver mines then worked, the hostile Ajtache con- 

 stantly harassing their Indian and Spanish neighbors alike and 

 withstanding the progress of civilization. 



In 1863 the territory of Arizona was segregated from New 

 Mexico, the name probably being a modification of Arizonac, a 

 Papago Indian name of uncertain meaning which had been, ap- 

 ])lied to a native village and was extended to the lower portion 

 of what is now our southwestern province by the Si)aniards. 



The expeditions of the War Department under Sitgreaves, Wil- 

 liamson, Whipple, Parke, Gray, Beale, and Ives during the years 

 from 1852 to 1860 give us the first definite knowledge of the 

 country. Almost simultaneously with these, immigration and 

 mining development began under protection of military forts 

 Buchanan and Breckinridge. 



From 1863, when the territory was segregated from New 

 Mexico, to 1874, the history of Arizona is written in blood. It 

 took a hardy man to run the risk of tomahawk and scalping- 

 knife in order to benefit from tlie rich mineral discoveries in 

 southern and middle Arizona. Nor were the mining communi- 

 ties themselves without their internal strife and shotgun admin- 

 istration of desperadoes and Mexican laborers. The successful 

 campaigns of General Custer, however, l)roke the war spirit of 

 the Indians and led to the treaty of 1874, when these Indians 

 were placed on reservations. The advent of the Southern Pacific 

 railroad in 1878 stimulated anew the development of tbe mining 

 districts, and since the Apache Indians, with their cunning leader, 

 GercMiimo, were removed to Florida in 1886 the peaceful progress 

 of the territory is a.ssured, and one may travel through the coun- 

 try with no more fear of a hold-up than in Texas or New York. 



Three centuries and three score years of history ! Yet the l>e- 

 ginnings of civilization and of the development of W^e territory 

 date back hardly a score of years, and it is only a little «)ver a 

 decade since a really peaceful progress has begun— since the 

 marauding Apache has been removed ! 



