Burghs of Annandale. 59 



the caslle also "of that land." The "castle" of that 

 period was not, unless under quite exceptional circumstances, 

 the sort of structure we associate with the word — was very 

 often no*^ of stone. .\n^lo-Norman twelfth century Scot- 

 land has, in fact, handed down to us in no sing-Ie case stone- 

 work remains of any castle or civil edifice. Work of the 

 period we have in churches; in castles or (lwellins.js none. 

 The keep of Carlisle Castle is the only g-reat stone structure 

 not ecclesiastical which can be historically attributed to 

 David I. -And to his barons we can assii^n nolhinj^ to corre- 

 spond, for Carlisle keep, built about 1140 (followed only in 

 1172 by that of Newcastle) was an example as far in advance 

 of its time in the north as in the south had been the Tower of 

 London, still unfinished in 1092. The primitive type of 

 Ans^lo-Xorman fortress was the same as at the epoch of the 

 Ens^lish Conquest had vog-ue in Normandy, viz., the Mote. 

 Especially may we belie\e this to have been the style of 

 strong'hold used by the barons, not of the first rank of feudal 

 lords, and by cadets of great families in England going as, 

 in a sense, emigrants into Scotland, settling there to aid 

 Anglo-Norman kings to rule the land and keep down the 

 native Celtic races. Hence, we may with considerable con- 

 fidence locate the castellum of the Brus charter at the Moat 

 of Annan. 



About thirty years had passed since I saw thai mound, 

 and I had long forgotten such characteristics of ii as might 

 then have impressed my boyish mind. But when on a recent 

 occasion I climbed its high slope from the bottom of its wide 

 and deep-cut fosse, and when on the top I looked westward 

 down what once was the steep scarped bank of the river 

 Annan, it was with feelings of no small satisfaction that 

 Annan could boast of so admirable and, on the whole, so 

 well preserved a work. The strength of the position natur- 

 ally must have been considerable. The mound, tapering as 



Me«;cliin (lord of Cmnberlaiul until about 1120. whon ho became 

 earl of Chester) had nothing to do with Annandalo; and the 

 ♦•ustoms. constituted by the charter, are necessarily a new creation 

 imported, by parity, from across the Esk and Solway. 



