September 16, 1921] 



SCIENCE 



255 



ehite green crystals either as the oxalate or the 

 zinc double chloride salt. What actually does form 

 in this reaction is a mixture of carbinols, one of 

 which — probably a triphenyl derivative — possesses 

 little or no crystalline properties and forms amor- 

 phous salts with oxalic acid or zinc chloride. 

 Hydrochloric acid corresponding to the methane 

 dihydroehloride and in the presence of at least 

 2.25 molecules of acetic acid gives the maximum 

 of tetramethyl derivative. Oxidation without 

 acetic acid produces a earbinol or a mixture of 

 carbinols which is so weak in crystalline properties 

 as to form little or none of the crystalline mala- 

 chite green salts. 



Imports of dyes hy classes during 1920: C. E. 

 De Long. The following import statistics are 

 presented: 



Vat dyes other than indigo. 8.55,000 lbs. 



Mordant and chrome dyes. . . 840,000 lbs. 



Acid dyes 765,000 lbs. 



Direct dyes 595,000 lbs. 



Sulfur dyes 255,000 lbs. 



Basic dyes 200,000 lbs. 



Indigo 171,000 lbs. 



Dyes derived from beta-oxynaphthoio acid and 

 from J-acid with reference to the Chemical Founda- 

 tion patents: A. Williard Joyce. The colors made 

 from beta-oxynaphthoie acid are mostly insoluble 

 in water and oil, and are of special interest to the 

 makers of lake-pigments. Those derived from the 

 arylamides of beta-oxynaphthoic acid are of value 

 as pigments and also as colors developed directly 

 on cotton when used in combination with a di- 

 azotized arylamine. This class of colors has been 

 developed chiefly by the German firms of Meister 

 Lucius and Bruning and Griesheim-Elektron. The 

 dyes derived from J-aoid are valuable direct cot- 

 ton colors of good fastness, especially to acids and 

 of great clearness and brilliancy of shade. These 

 colors from J-aeid and J-acid derivatives have 

 been greatly developed by leading German dye 

 manufacturers: the Bayer Company, Cassella and 

 Co., Meister Lucius and Bruning, and Kalle and 

 Co. The Chemical Foundation, Inc., owns patents 

 which cover dyes made from the above inter- 

 mediates. 



The quantitative determination of phenanthrene : 

 Arthur G. Williams. Phenanthrene in crude 

 phenanthrenes may be quantitatively determined 

 by oxidation in glacial acetic acid solution by 

 iodic acid to phenanthraquinone followed by pre- 

 cipitation of the quinone, also in glacial acetic acid 



solution, as toluphenanthrazine by 3,4-tolylene di- 

 amine. The hydrocarbon may be conveniently de- 

 tected qualitatively by oxidation in glacial acetic 

 acid solution by means of KBrOj or HIO3 followed 

 by precipitation by water, filtration, extraction of 

 the residue by NaHSOj, liberation of the quinone 

 by means of HCl and FeClj, extraction with CClj, 

 and final detection of phenanthiaquinone by means 

 of the Hilpert and Wolf test with SbCl, in CCL,. 



Alkali fusions. III. Fusions of phenylglycine 

 o-carboxylic acid with potassium hydroxide and 

 with sodium hydroxide for the production of in- 

 digo: Max Phillips. 



Vapor pressure determinations on naphthalene, 

 anthracene, phenanthrene, and anthraquinone be- 

 tween their melting and boiling points: O. A. Nel- 

 son and C. E. Senseman. 



Momenolature of dyesfiiff intermediates: J. 

 Warren Kinsman. 



SECTION OP petroleum CHEMISTRY 



T. G. Delbridge, chairman 

 W. A. Gruse, secretary 



Petroleum hydrocarbons that can not be dis- 

 tilled: C. P. Mabery. 



Petroleum: a raw material for our chemical m- 

 dustries: Sidney Born. 



Some chemical considerations of petroleum re- 

 fining: B. T. Brooks. Chemical investigation 

 has played a relatively unimportant part in the 

 petroleum industry. Reasons advanced for this 

 are: (1) Petroleum has been plentiful and crude 

 methods profitable. (2) Research has been re- 

 garded as unprofitable "wild catting." (3) Ini- 

 tiative and spirit of research has been killed by 

 the policy of secrecy. (4) Petroleum technologists 

 are unorganized and inarticulate. (5) Fundamen- 

 tal or theoretical research in this branch of or- 

 ganic chemistry has been comparatively neglected. 

 (6) Chemists have been poorly and narrowly 

 trained. Several factors which are improving this 

 situation are given. It is important to minimize 

 refining losses. Many opinions previously held 

 in regard to defines are untenable. 



Oil shale: R. F. Bacon. 



Determination of gasoline in natural and casing- 

 head gas: Charles Skeele Palmer. 



Dechlorination of chlorohydrocarbons: W. F. 

 Faragher and F. H. Garner. 



Determination of moisture in transformer oils: 

 C. J. Rodman. 



