OCTOBEB 21, 1921] 



SCIENCE 



371 



department. Emphasis should be placed on 

 the broadest theoretical training. The holder 

 of the fellowship should be free (not under 

 contract) at the end of his i)eriod of study. 



" (6) In passing on candidates for the 

 degree of Ph.D., emphasis should be put on a 

 thorough training in the fundamental princi- 

 ples of chemistry and upon high attainment 

 in research, rather than upon period of study." 



This is the present opinion on the question. 

 Whether time will modify it we can not tell, 

 but the suggestions outlined above, if rigor- 

 ously carried out, will tend to bring about a 

 closer cooperation between chemical science 

 and industry than now exists. 



Walter H. CooLroGE 



Centre College, 

 Danville, Kentucky 



ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE MEDICAL 

 CURRICULUM 



The problem of human types is one that 

 has baffled the ages, but it is at present in a 

 fair way toward solution. The temperaments 

 as depicted by Albreeht Diirer in the forms 

 of four apostles, and as taught at the School 

 of Salernum, based upon the four elements and 

 upon the four humors of Hippocrates, and 

 known as the melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic 

 and sanguine, may not be generally accepted, 

 and the phthisical and plethoric may have a 

 greater significance, but until the physical and 

 psychical types are studied upon a more exact 

 and scientific basis the types of man may 

 remain as myths to the laity as well as to the 

 medical profession. 



Manouvrier was the first to place the types 

 of man as found among the Europeans upon 

 an exact basis by actual measurement, and his 

 classification into brachyskele, mesatiskele and 

 maeroskele, or broad, medium and long skele- 

 ton, is working its way into medicine. Godin 

 has applied the methods of Manouvrier to 

 children in the evaluation of growth with il- 

 luminating results. Others have utilized the 

 same methods in the differentiation of races 

 and in the segregation of types within the 

 race. 



The best means of differentiating human 



types is by anthropometry and inspection. 

 The type may be decided by a careful inspec- 

 tion of the external form of the ear, nose, face, 

 head and body form after one has become fa- 

 miliar with the types by prolonged experience. 

 It is possible by the ear form alone to deter- 

 mine differences of 10 feet in the length of the 

 small intestine, of 500 grams in the weight of 

 the liver, of differences in the size of the brain, 

 cerebellum, heart, kidneys and spleen, of the 

 position and shape of the viscera; thus an- 

 thropology becomes the handmaid of anatomy 

 in the medical curriculum, an essential ad- 

 junct in teaching medicine. Different human 

 types represent different forms of intellect and 

 different immunities and susceptibilities to 

 disease, hence psychology and pathology be- 

 come associated with anatomy and anthro- 



Adult human types probably represent the 

 end products of chemical reactions that have 

 been continuously at work throughout the 

 life of the individual, or at least a large part 

 of the life. It is only fair to assume that the 

 net result of this activity will be easier to per- 

 ceive than the chemical reaction at any par- 

 ticular moment. It may be fruitless to attempt 

 to determine or differentiate chemical types, 

 although the serum reactions may be so deli- 

 cate that they will suffice to make clear minute 

 differences. 



Such a piece of work as that published in 

 L'Anihropologie by Dr. L. and Madame H. 

 Hirschfeld may interest physiologists, pathol- 

 ogists and internists. Serum tests were made 

 during the Great War on about 500 soldiers 

 in each of many national groups of Europe, of 

 Asia and of Africa, and differences were found 

 that amounted to more than 50 per cent. The 

 tests were so acute and positive that individual 

 heredity could be determined, the parentage of 

 any child verified. 



Dr. Goldthwait, in the Shattuck Lecture for 

 1915, presents the types of man as a basis for 

 diagnosis and treatment, as do Percy Brown 

 and Bryant. There is also an editorial in the 

 number of the Boston Medical and Surgical 

 Journal which has the Shattuck Lecture, 

 wherein, with prophetic vision, the editor 



